Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical
Melamine, CAS 108-78-1 — chemical product label

Melamine

Melamine

CAS 108-78-1 EC 203-615-4 C3H6N6 Precursor CLP Warning
IARC第2B组 — 可能对人类致癌
CAS: 108-78-1 | IARC来源
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 23.09.2026

Specification

Product NameMelamine
Other NamesMelamine
CAS No.108-78-1
EINECS No.203-615-4
MFC3H6N6
Molecular weight126.12
Purity99%
Appearancewhite crystal
Density1.573
Melting point>300 °C
Boiling point224.22°C
flash (ing) point>110°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Warning

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H351 Suspected of causing cancer
  • H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Precautionary statements (2)
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking

European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Packaging and shipping

Drum25kg
IBC Drum100kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Melamine
Melamine
Melamine

The core value of melamine stems from its unique molecular structure. Its wide application is based on the following characteristics:
High nitrogen content (approximately 66%): This makes it an ideal raw material for manufacturing efficient nitrogen-based flame retardants. It achieves vapor-phase flame retardancy by releasing inert gases during combustion.
High reactivity: The molecule contains three active amino groups, which can undergo condensation reactions with formaldehyde and other substances, serving as the foundation for manufacturing melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF resin). This resin exhibits excellent hardness, wear resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation properties. Environmental protection features: As an important intermediate material for the production of high-performance polycarboxylate superplasticizers, it helps the concrete industry achieve green and high-performance development.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional chemical supply chain service provider, leveraging its profound understanding of the chemical industry chain and stable resource channels, offers customers high-quality industrial-grade melamine products and market solutions. Melamine is an important nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound, characterized by its high nitrogen content, high reactivity, and excellent physical and chemical properties. It serves as the core raw material for the production of high-end resins, environmentally friendly water-reducing agents, flame-retardant materials, and decorative panels, playing a crucial role in modern building materials, textile, automotive, and coating industries.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Delivery&Payment method

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Melamine shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (25kg), IBC Drum (100kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Melamine?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Melamine

Methyl acetate: uses and what to specify

Methyl acetate (CAS 79-20-9): a fast ester solvent for coatings, inks and cleaning, and the usual replacement for…

Article

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🧬 3D分子可视化器
正在加载分子...
3D模型Melamine，CAS 108-78-1，分子式C3H6N6, 摩尔质量 126.12 g/mol

数据转录自法规登记册和专业文献，并注明来源与版本。不能替代供应商的安全数据表。未记录来源的字段已作相应标注。

📊 物理化学数据 — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 物理化学性质

快速参考

化学式： C3H6N6
分子量： 126.12 g/mol
CAS号： 108-78-1
外观： Monoclinic prisms

详细性质

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

属性 值 单位 条件 来源
密度（ρ） 1.573 at 16.1 °C (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
熔点（mp） 345 °C (decomposes) (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
沸点（bp） Sublimes (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
蒸气压 50 mmHg at 315 °C (NTP, 1992)[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
水溶性 less than 1 mg/mL at 22.2 °C (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
折射率（nD） Index of refraction: 1.872 at 20 degC/D[1][2] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
🔬 高级属性

化学标识符

SMILES: C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9)
InChIKey: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

数据来源： CAMEO Chemicals, Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

最后更新： 未确认

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） (2 来源)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: 密度（ρ） · 蒸气压 · 折射率（nD）
  2. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. ↗ applies to: 折射率（nD）
化学概述: MelamineMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
分子式C3H6N6[1]
分子量126.12 g/mol[1]
熔点345 °C[1]
LogP（亲脂性）-1.4[1]
IUPAC名称1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

同义词: MELAMINE · 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine · 108-78-1 · Cyanuramide · Cyanurotriamide

数据来源： PubChem (NLM/NIH)
最后更新： 2026-09-21

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） (1 来源)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: 分子式 · 分子量 · 熔点 · LogP（亲脂性） · IUPAC名称 · SMILES · InChIKey

科学研究

[1]PubMed2025
Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.
Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/
查看完整研究 ↗
[2]Doaj2019
Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical…
Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical
查看完整研究 ↗
[3]Doaj2018
Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure
Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cry
查看完整研究 ↗
[4]CrossRef2014
Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.
查看完整研究 ↗
[5]PubMed2014
Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).
Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecu
查看完整研究 ↗
[6]CrossRef2012
Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand
Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https
查看完整研究 ↗
[7]Doaj2010
Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF). (2010). "Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed
查看完整研究 ↗
[8]PubMed2009
Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.
Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109
查看完整研究 ↗
📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） 10 refs · 3 baz

MOLECULE 按CAS号参考文献（实时来自13+数据库）

来源： db:pubmed (5) · db:doaj (3) · db:crossref (3)

  1. db:pubmed Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7 →
  2. db:doaj Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402 →
  3. db:doaj Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265 →
  4. db:crossref Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6 →
  5. db:pubmed Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097 →
  6. db:crossref Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d →
  7. db:pubmed Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110 →
  8. db:crossref L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb →
  9. db:pubmed Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166 →
  10. db:pubmed Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091 →
物质监管状态
该物质受监管要求约束： 危险废物管理（BDO登记册）. 详细信息请参见“法规状态（REACH/ECHA/CLP）”章节及安全数据表。 监管信息——不限制在本店购买。
🧮 化学计量计算器MolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 化学数据MolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS号
108-78-1
分子式
C3H6N6
摩尔质量
126.12 g/mol
IUPAC名称 (EN)
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
SMILES
C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChIKey
JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Literatura naukowa (7 产品)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Ayman El-Faham, Kholood A. Dahlous, Zeid A. AL Othman et al. · (2016) · Molecules
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al. · (2014) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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📈 出版时间线
2010
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

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⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.573

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 外部标识符MolGod_EXTID_1
13 / 16个ID系统81%
数据库标识符操作
CAS Registry Number108-78-1打开 →
PubChem CID7955[1]打开 →
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]打开 →
InChIInChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,…[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
EC Number203-615-4[2]打开 →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1231106[3]打开 →
KEGG CompoundC08737打开 →
HMDBHMDB0041922打开 →
ChemSpider7667[4]打开 →
UNII (FDA)N3GP2YSD88打开 →
NSC Number (NCI)2130打开 →
WikiData QIDQ212553打开 →

来源：PubChem (NIH)、Wikidata SPARQL、KEGG、ChEMBL (EBI)、CompTox CTX (EPA)。

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） (4 来源)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ applies to: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ applies to: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ applies to: ChemSpider

Further reading

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.

扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 光谱学 — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 光谱数据库 — 内联数据 9 来源 MolGod_SPECDB_2

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结构性质MolGod_STRUCT3D_1

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❓ 常见问题 (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 108-78-1?
108-78-1 (CAS 108-78-1) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
有帮助吗？
What is the CAS number of 108-78-1?
The CAS number for 108-78-1 is 108-78-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
有帮助吗？
How should 108-78-1 be stored?
108-78-1 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
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➕ 建议问题
下载结构文件MolGod_STRDL_1

来自PubChem数据库（NIH）的分子结构文件。兼容Avogadro、PyMOL、Jmol和ChemDraw等程序。

来源：PubChem，美国国家医学图书馆（NIH）。 CID: 7955

🔄 浓度单位转换器 实时 MolGod_UNITCONV_1

输入Melamine浓度（任意单位），其余将自动计算。

分子量： 126.12 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ 转换公式及引用（每个公式）
转换分子式准确度来源
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 参考文献（8个权威来源）
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
相似分子结构MolGod_SIMSTR_1

正在加载相似结构...

🧪 溶液制备向导 WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① 选择浓度
② 目标体积
③ 溶剂

计算依据： IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

计算化学MolGod_COMPCHEM_1

正在加载计算数据...

🛡️ 安全 — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
数据限制说明。 本页安全信息仅供参考，不能替代完整的安全数据表（SDS）。使用产品前，请查阅制造商当前的安全数据表以及GHS/CLP指南。CLP分类适用于纯散装物质，不适用于商业制剂。

GHS/CLP分类——(EC) No 1272/2008法规 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021)。

⚠ 警告 (Warning)
GHS08 — 健康危害
GHS08 健康危害

🚨 危险说明（H）

  • H351 — 怀疑会致癌(说明接触途径――如已确证无其他接触途径造成这一危害)
  • H373 — 长期或反复接触可能对器官造成伤害(说明已知的所有受影响器官) (说明接触途径――如已确证无其他接触途径造成这一危害)

🛡 防范说明（P）

  • P203 — 使用前取得、阅读并遵循所有安全说明书。
  • P210 — 远离热源、热表面、火花、明火和其他点火源。禁止吸烟。

✓ 根据CLP法规(EC) 1272/2008附件VI的统一分类（官方、具有约束力的分类）。 索引号：613-345-00-2。

参考文献（芝加哥格式）： European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — 组 2B: 可能对人类致癌. (IARC/WHO对致癌性证据的独立评估 — 补充上述CLP分类。)
参考文献（芝加哥格式）： IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
来自本地MOL-GOD列表（快照）的分类 — 未与当前IARC列表核实。 验证

翻译：CLP 法规 (EC) 1272/2008，附件 III 和 IV。数据：PubChem/NLM。

📚 综合科学参考文献 — Chicago Author-Date 10 来源

从所有Safety Hub选项卡收集的参考文献。CAS号： 108-78-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS，法规
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

具有自身参考文献的选项卡（紧急情况、个人防护装备、储存、废物）在其各自章节中包含额外的书目条目。

📈 分析统计（t检验·RSD·Grubbs·Q-Dixon） ICH Q2

粘贴一系列重复测量结果（CSV或每行一个数字）。计算器将计算平均值、标准差和95%置信区间，并检测异常值（Grubbs + Dixon Q）。

分隔符：逗号、空格、制表符、换行。至少3个测量值。
📐 统计公式
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — 算术平均值
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — 样本方差
  • s = √s² — 标准差
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — 相对标准差
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs检验
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

来源：ICH Q2(R2) 分析方法验证 · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 缓冲液配方计算器 唯一
参考文献： pKa值来自 Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

从 20 种常用缓冲体系列表中选择 → 输入目标 pH → 获得精确配方，包括称量质量。

步骤 1：选择缓冲体系

📜 配方历史记录（最近 10 条）
药物状态

Prekliniczny

I期
II期
III期
已批准

临床前——无人体研究数据。

ChEMBL CHEMBL1231106 ↗

扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 项目规划器——实验室实验管理器 新品

规划您的整个实验室项目：添加实验（含试剂、重复次数和持续时间）。您将获得甘特图、购物清单（含商店链接！）、预算（含10%余量）和GHS风险矩阵。

🧪 溶解性和溶剂兼容性 MolGod_SOLUB_1
分子
Melamine
分子式
C3H6N6
logP (XLogP3)
-1.40
摩尔质量（g/mol）
126.12
极性
亲水性（极性）

⚠️ GC估算（Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen）。该CAS无文献HSP数据——精度±2 MPa½。请实验验证。

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

溶剂 兼容性 Ra 可视化 GC-MS HPLC 应用 参考文献
Water (H₂O)3.2 g/L (pomiar)—
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone——brak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)——brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO——brak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF——brak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)——brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane——brak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 溶剂科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
溶解性理论（应用于相容性预测）：
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP三元组（dD, dP, dH）+ Ra公式。
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — 250+溶剂的完整表格数据集（ε、μ、供体数、受体数）。
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 108-78-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

完整参考文献位于页面底部的参考文献折叠面板——芝加哥格式手册第17版作者-日期格式。

⚗️ 检查反应兼容性 MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
0 0 0
健康： 0/4
易燃性： 0/4
反应性： 0/4
根据NFPA 704 / 由H代码计算

检查Melamine是否与另一种试剂兼容

📦 储存兼容性矩阵
酸类 碱 氧化剂 易燃 毒性 Gazy
酸类 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
碱 ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
氧化剂 ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
易燃 ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
毒性 ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ 可一起储存 · ⚠ 谨慎 · ✗ 禁止一起储存 · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

兼容性数据来源： Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 实验室计算器（8个） MolGod_LABCALC_1
稀释（C₁V₁=C₂V₂）
摩尔浓度（M=n/V）
pH缓冲液（Henderson-Hasselbalch）
Beer-Lambert（A=εcl）
质量→摩尔
浓度%→M
ppm→mg/L
温度 C↔F↔K

已验证的配方： IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 光谱数据库 MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 实验室方案生成器 MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

方案基于以下内容生成： GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ 标签生成器（QR码） MolGod_LABEL_1
Melamine• 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine / Theoharn• IUPAC: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine• CAS: 108-78-1• EC: 203-615-4• 分子式: C3H6N6• 摩尔质量: 126.12 g/mol警告GHS危险说明：H351: 怀疑会致癌(说明接触途径――如已确证无其他接触途径造成这一危害)H373: 长期或反复接触可能对器官造成伤害(说明已知的所有受影响器官) (说明接触途径――如已确证无其他接触途径造成这一危害)P203: 使用前取得、阅读并遵循所有安全说明书。P210: 远离热源、热表面、火花、明火和其他点火源。禁止吸烟。Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

类药性雷达图（Lipinski Ro5 / Veber）。绿色区域 = 符合标准。

预测数据 — 通过计算机模拟（SMILES/RDKit）计算的属性。不能替代临床研究。未经实验验证，不得用于药物评估。

MW126.1LogP-1.4HBD3HBA6RotB0TPSA117 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=126, LogP=-1.4)✗ REOS (MW=126)✗ Lead-like Ro3 (HBA=6)
属性值评级
吸收（GI）高✓
血脑屏障通透性否
生物利用度（Daina 2017）
55%
CYP450概况CYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
PAINS警告0✓
Brenk警告0✓
pKa (pH 7.4)9 (predicted)
hERG（心脏毒性）✓ 否
P-gp底物—
Ames致突变性✓ 否
DILI（肝毒性）—
LogS（水溶性）—
来源（ADMET方法学）
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  22. Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  23. Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  24. Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  25. Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  26. Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  27. Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  28. L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  29. Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  30. Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
  31. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. [DOI ↗]
  32. Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
  33. Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
  34. Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
  35. Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
  36. Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
  37. Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
  38. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
  39. Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
  40. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  41. Bernard A. Olsen, Brian W. Pack. 2013. "Hydrophilic interaction chromatography." John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ↗
  42. ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency. ↗
  43. Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179. ↗
🧪 溶液配制助手（Smart Prep） MolGod_PREP_2

输入您要制备的内容——我将生成SOP

示例如下——点击插入：
预设配方：
📚 科学文献概览 — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ 关键发现（科学文献） 10 出版物
🏆 CAS 108-78-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30%引用·20%近期性·20%主题·15%历史·15%开放获取.
  1. #1
    Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al. (2019) · Molecules
    重要性： Open access
    SCORE 11.51 分析 Citations: 44 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #3
    Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al. (2012) · CrystEngComm
    重要性： 通过多标准评分选择（引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取）。
    SCORE 4.89 机制 Citations: 26 DOI ↗
  3. #4
    Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev (2018) · Crystals
    重要性： Open access
    SCORE 4.65 机制 Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #5
    Li YF, Jian FF (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    重要性： Open access
    SCORE 3.95 机制 Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #6
    Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al. (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    重要性： Open access
    SCORE 3.85 机制 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #7
    TRIETHYLENE-MELAMINE.
    (1955) · British medical journal
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 历史论文（1955）
    SCORE 2.25 历史 MUST-CITE
  7. #8
    L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter (2009)
    重要性： 通过多标准评分选择（引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取）。
    SCORE 1.6 机制 DOI ↗
  8. #9
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE
    et al. (2010)
    重要性： 通过多标准评分选择（引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取）。
    SCORE 0.8 机制
  9. #10
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE.
    et al. (2010)
    重要性： 通过多标准评分选择（引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取）。
    SCORE 0.8 机制
🔬 HPLC — 方法与参数 — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 HPLC/GC方法 (1 方法)
📄
HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application
HPLCBMC Chemistry202390% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
色谱柱： C8, 5 μm
相： and sample was carried out using 0.45 mm MS® Nylon membrane filters…
检测： UV 250 nm
流速： 1.20 mL/min
温度： 40.0 °C
Inj.: 0 μL
Gradient: elution, which had been previously used for these drugs
Bahgat E, Hashem H, Saleh H, Kamel E, Eissa M. HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application. BMC Chemistry. 2023;17:18. doi:10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
BackgroundGliflozins and gliptins are two distinct groups of pharmacological drugs that reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes in various ways that may perform their functions harmoniously. Trijardy® tablet, which contains empagliflozin, linagliptin, and metformin, was recently approved. The scientific database does not yet have a method that is sensitive enough to quantify the aforementioned medications in the presence of metformin official toxic impurities melamine and cyanoguanidine. Molecular docking modeling was utilized in this work to further prove the toxicity of melamine.MethodsThe five analytes listed before were quantified using RP-HPLC-diode array detector and a Zorbax® C8 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, which had been treated by ?-phosphoric acid to restore a pH of 4.0 (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and the eluted peaks were scanned at 250 nm.ConclusionThe utilization of the simplest isocratic elution mode give the current technique a significant time-and cost-saving benefit. The current method can quantify the triple therapy agents in the presence of each other as well as with two official toxic impurities of metformin in one short analytical run.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0.
EmpagliflozinLinagliptinMolecular dockingToxic impurities
📈 方法验证（ICH Q2）

无验证数据。请联系方法作者。

参数依据： ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 HPLC/GC故障排除
宽峰 / 拖尾
原因： 色谱柱磨损、流动相pH值不当、色谱柱过载、死体积
解决方案： 更换色谱柱，检查缓冲液pH值（±0.2），减少进样体积，检查接头
基线漂移
原因： 流动相污染、梯度问题、温度不稳定
解决方案： 对流动相脱气，0.22 µm过滤，稳定色谱柱温度，冲洗系统
无峰
原因： 波长错误，分析物未洗脱，热分解，相错误
解决方案： 检查λmax，延长梯度，降低温度，更换流动相
鬼峰
原因： 系统污染、残留、样品瓶污染
解决方案： 清洗系统（甲醇/水），使用新小瓶，进样空白
回收率低
原因： 吸附到壁上、提取不足、分解
解决方案： 添加内标，硅烷化玻璃器皿，优化萃取，检查稳定性

来源： Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

完整HPLC方法指南 同行评审

分子特定场景、故障排除和文献参考

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 108-78-1) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
-2.3 min
Range: 0.5 – -2.99
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.964 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

化学家的真实问题

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

我们的解决方案

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

交互式计算器

Deep Education

理解流动相化学

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

常见问题

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=126.12, CAS 108-78-1) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Incorrect integration — publication rejected

Submission to JPBA. Reviewer 2: „Peak at 12.4 min shows manual integration, but baseline slope suggests co-elution". I had to revalidate the whole method. 3 months of delay.
Lesson learned (Kasia M., PhD Analytical Chemistry, UJ, 2025-06-03):
Manual integration = a red flag for reviewers. Solve CO-ELUTION in methods dev, not in integration. Optimise the gradient instead of force-fitting the peak.

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

常见问题

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

常见问题

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=126.12 (CAS 108-78-1) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Detection Gotcha

How to prepare the mobile phase for the first time

Protokół mówi "ACN/H₂O 60:40". W szafce masz ACN HPLC grade i wodę z kranu. Nikt ci nie powiedział, że kran = dramat. Koszt błędu: zniszczona kolumna 1800 PLN.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Multiplexing 4 HPLC in parallel

4 Waters Arc in series. 1 autosampler. How to synchronise the sequences to extract max throughput?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

常见问题

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (CAS 108-78-1) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First method — how do you know where to start?

Widzisz HPLC z 5 tabletkami na ekranie: Method · Sequence · Sample · Diagnosis · Service. Klikasz Method — "No method loaded". Co teraz?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

事后分析 — 真实失败案例 经验教训

真实化学家的失误 — 发生了什么、什么有帮助、要避免什么。

Ghost peaks w ostatnim dniu stability

Dr. Tomasz W., PhD pharmaceutical 2024-08-22 Poziom 4/5
发生了什么：

Day 90 stability pull. 6 batch × 2 repeats. W próbce widzę duplikaty peaków z poprzedniego dnia. OOS opened. 4 dni investigation. Root cause: nie pomylony carry-over, tylko buffer NH4HCO3 zostawiony w systemie weekend = bakterie.

💡 Lekcja:

NIGDY nie zostawiaj buforu w systemie >3 dni. Zawsze flush z 80% ACN/20% H2O przed weekendem. Koszt lekcji: 4 dni pracy + 3 batch release delay.

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company 2025-02-10 Poziom 4/5
发生了什么：

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.

💡 Lekcja:

The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

Ask about this method

您好——我接受过此方法所有场景、常见问题解答和文献的训练。请随意提问。

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 108-78-1). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
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Ethyl ether
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📄 分析证书（CoA） CAS 108-78-1 无 MolGod_COA_2

数据库中无此产品的证书。

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开

批次管理与实验室认证标准——13个独立来源（ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG）。

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [链接 ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [链接 ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [链接 ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [链接 ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [链接 ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [链接 ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [链接 ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [链接 ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [链接 ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [链接 ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [链接 ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
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📜 专利（公开元数据） 无数据 MolGod_PATENT_2

目前未在Crossref/OpenAlex中找到该物质的公开专利元数据。数据将在下次缓存刷新（24小时）后自动更新。

📚 参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开
  1. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1.
  2. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1.
  3. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2.
  4. Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1.
  5. Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01.
  6. Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  7. Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  8. Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  9. Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  10. Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  11. Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  12. Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  13. L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  14. Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  15. Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
  16. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  17. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  18. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  19. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  20. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  21. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  22. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  23. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  24. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  25. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  26. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  27. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/108-78-1?status=active&limit=10

扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
数据来自PubChem来源： PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
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📚 参考文献（综合书目，芝加哥作者-日期格式） 122 条目

以上折叠面板中针对CAS号108-78-1引用的所有科学来源。格式： 《芝加哥格式手册》第17版，作者-日期系统.

🗄️ 科学数据库

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 108-78-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=108-78-1.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 108-78-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 108-78-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=108-78-1.

📐 标准/指南

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
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📖 书籍

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 专著

  1. IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.

📄 科学文章（同行评审）

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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