Polyvinylidene Fluoride

PVDF

CAS 24937-79-9 EC 607-458-6 C12H25NaO3S Other

Specification

Product Name	Polyvinylidene Fluoride
Other Names	PVDF
CAS No.	24937-79-9
EINECS No.	607-458-6
MF	C12H25NaO3S
Molecular weight	64.0340864
Purity	99%
Appearance	White or light yellow powder, granules or particles
Density	1.78g/mLat 25°C
Melting point	166-170°C
water solubility	Soluble in organic esters, dimethylacetamide and amines. Insoluble in water.
vapour pressure	15 mm Hg (32 °C)

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Packaging and shipping

Bag200 kg

IBC Bag1000 kg

ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³

ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³

Our PVDF resin combines the excellent stability of fluororesin with the good processing properties of general-purpose resin. Its main characteristics include:
Outstanding chemical corrosion resistance: It has excellent tolerance to most acids, bases, halogens, oxidants, and organic solvents, making it an ideal material for harsh chemical environments.
Excellent weather resistance and UV resistance: The high C-F bonds in the molecular chain enable it to maintain color and physical properties stable over long-term exposure to ultraviolet rays, wind, and pollution in the outdoor environment, and it is not prone to aging.
Good mechanical properties and heat resistance: It has high tensile strength, toughness, and creep resistance, with a high heat decomposition temperature (usually above 316°C), maintaining stable performance over a wide temperature range.
Unique electrical and functional properties: It has high dielectric constant, piezoelectricity, and thermoelectricity, suitable for manufacturing special sensors, capacitor films and other functional devices. Easy to process: As a thermoplastic resin, it can be molded using various conventional plastic processing methods such as injection molding, extrusion, compression molding, and calendering. It can also be dissolved in specific strong polar solvents (such as dimethylacetamide) to prepare coatings or be spun to form films.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) resin is produced in a complete series of factories. It offers fluorocarbon coatings, water treatment membranes, special cables, functional materials, etc.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd. is a comprehensive chemical enterprise integrating research and development, production and sales. Relying on advanced production technologies and strict quality management systems, our company is committed to providing high-performance fluoropolymer materials to global customers. The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) produced by our company, with its outstanding comprehensive performance, has become one of the core materials in high-tech fields such as new energy, high-end coatings, environmental water treatment, special cables and semiconductors.

Our PVDF resin combines the excellent stability of fluororesin with the good processing properties of general-purpose resin. Its main characteristics include:

Outstanding chemical corrosion resistance: It has excellent tolerance to most acids, bases, halogens, oxidants, and organic solvents, making it an ideal material for harsh chemical environments.

Excellent weather resistance and UV resistance: The C-F bonds in the molecular chain are strong, enabling it to maintain color and physical properties stable over long-term exposure to ultraviolet rays, wind, and pollution in the outdoor environment, and to avoid aging easily.

Good mechanical properties and heat resistance: It has high tensile strength, toughness, and anti-settling property, with a high heat decomposition temperature (usually above 316 °C), maintaining stable performance over a wide temperature range.

Unique electrical and functional characteristics: It has high dielectric constant, piezoelectricity, and thermoelectricity, suitable for manufacturing special sensors, capacitor films and other functional devices. Easy to process: As a thermoplastic resin, it can be molded using various conventional plastic processing methods such as injection molding, extrusion, compression molding, and calendering. It can also be dissolved in specific strong polar solvents (such as dimethylacetamide) to prepare coatings or be spun to form films.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) resin is produced in a complete series of factories. It offers fluorocarbon coatings, water treatment membranes, special cables, functional materials, etc.

Delivery&Payment method

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) resin is produced in a complete series of factories. It offers fluorocarbon coatings, water treatment membranes, special cables, functional materials, etc.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Polyvinylidene Fluoride shipped?

Standard formats are Bag (200 kg), IBC Bag (1000 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Polyvinylidene Fluoride?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Related products

Triisobutyl Phosphate

TIBP

CAS 126-71-6 99% Other

Succinic Acid

Amber acid

CAS 110-15-6 99.50% Other SDS Danger

Ethylene glycol diacetate

C6H10O4 · 146.14 g/mol · specification on request

CAS 111-55-7 Other SDS Warning

🧬 3D Molecule Visualizer

Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.

📊 Physicochemical data — CAS 24937-79-9MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN

No data in our database for CAS 24937-79-9.

Check external sources:

Chemical Overview: Polyvinylidene FluorideMolGod_OVERVIEW_1

Polyvinylidene Fluoride — The substance card is being prepared. Refresh the page in a few minutes.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

[1]PubMed2026

96-Well Agarose-Gel Electromembrane Extraction.

Samkumpim T, Dowlatshah S, Alahmad W et al.. (2026). "96-Well Agarose-Gel Electromembrane Extraction.". Analytical chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c06783

[2]PubMed2026

Stepwise Regulation of Cellular Oxidative Stress via Conductive-Piezoelectric Integrated Microstructured Conduits for Enhanced Nerve Regeneration.

Zhou D, Bian M, Wei L et al.. (2026). "Stepwise Regulation of Cellular Oxidative Stress via Conductive-Piezoelectric Integrated Microstructured Conduits for Enhanced Nerve Regeneration.". Advanced sci

[3]PubMed2025

Micromotion-Driven "Mechanical-Electrical-Pharmaceutical Coupling" Bone-Guiding Membrane Modulates Stress-Concentrating Inflammation Under Diabetic Fractures.

Sui J, Hou Y, Ding C et al.. (2025). "Micromotion-Driven "Mechanical-Electrical-Pharmaceutical Coupling" Bone-Guiding Membrane Modulates Stress-Concentrating Inflammation Under Diabetic Fractures.". A

[4]PubMed2025

Piezoelectric-IL-4 programmed regulation of immuno-microenvironment-induced mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation for bone regeneration.

Zhang J, Wang W, Wang M et al.. (2025). "Piezoelectric-IL-4 programmed regulation of immuno-microenvironment-induced mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation for bone regeneration.". Ultr

[5]PubMed2025

A Self-Generated Electricity-Driven Sclera reinforcement bionic piezoelectric patch for Management of High Myopia.

Jiang L, Zhao B, Li Q et al.. (2025). "A Self-Generated Electricity-Driven Sclera reinforcement bionic piezoelectric patch for Management of High Myopia.". Journal of nanobiotechnology. https://doi.or

[6]PubMed2025

A Flexible PVDF Sensor for Forcecardiography.

Parlato S, Centracchio J, Cinotti E et al.. (2025). "A Flexible PVDF Sensor for Forcecardiography.". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051608

[7]PubMed2025

ZnO@PVDF/CS Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Membrane Promotes the Healing of Infected Wounds Stimulated by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound.

Zou C, Chen K, Zheng S et al.. (2025). "ZnO@PVDF/CS Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Membrane Promotes the Healing of Infected Wounds Stimulated by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound.". ACS applied materials &

[8]PubMed2025

In situ piezoelectricity induces M2 polarization of macrophages to regulate Schwann cells for alleviating neuropathic pain of CCI…

Wei G, Chen C, Li X et al.. (2025). "In situ piezoelectricity induces M2 polarization of macrophages to regulate Schwann cells for alleviating neuropathic pain of CCI rats.". Biomaterials advances. ht

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) 20 refs · 2 baz

MOLECULE Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)

Sources: db:pubmed (13) · db:crossref (7)

db:pubmed Samkumpim T, Dowlatshah S, Alahmad W et al.. (2026). "96-Well Agarose-Gel Electromembrane Extraction.". Analytical chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c06783 →
db:pubmed Zhou D, Bian M, Wei L et al.. (2026). "Stepwise Regulation of Cellular Oxidative Stress via Conductive-Piezoelectric Integrated Microstructured Conduits for Enhanced Nerve Regeneration.". Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202516124 →
db:pubmed Sui J, Hou Y, Ding C et al.. (2025). "Micromotion-Driven "Mechanical-Electrical-Pharmaceutical Coupling" Bone-Guiding Membrane Modulates Stress-Concentrating Inflammation Under Diabetic Fractures.". Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202505061 →
db:pubmed Zhang J, Wang W, Wang M et al.. (2025). "Piezoelectric-IL-4 programmed regulation of immuno-microenvironment-induced mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation for bone regeneration.". Ultrasonics sonochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107431 →
db:pubmed Jiang L, Zhao B, Li Q et al.. (2025). "A Self-Generated Electricity-Driven Sclera reinforcement bionic piezoelectric patch for Management of High Myopia.". Journal of nanobiotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03493-w →
db:pubmed Parlato S, Centracchio J, Cinotti E et al.. (2025). "A Flexible PVDF Sensor for Forcecardiography.". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051608 →
db:pubmed Zou C, Chen K, Zheng S et al.. (2025). "ZnO@PVDF/CS Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Membrane Promotes the Healing of Infected Wounds Stimulated by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound.". ACS applied materials & interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c22922 →
db:pubmed Wei G, Chen C, Li X et al.. (2025). "In situ piezoelectricity induces M2 polarization of macrophages to regulate Schwann cells for alleviating neuropathic pain of CCI rats.". Biomaterials advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214319 →
db:crossref (2025). "24937 — Menitas from Lyktos | 17 G-P". Callimachus: The Epigrams. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110770490-038 →
db:pubmed Andrey V, Koshevaya E, Mstislav M et al.. (2024). "Piezoelectric PVDF and its copolymers in biomedicine: innovations and applications.". Biomaterials science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4bm00904e →
db:pubmed Martins LA, García-Parra N, Ródenas-Rochina J et al.. (2024). "Assemblable 3D biomimetic microenvironment for hMSC osteogenic differentiation.". Biomedical materials (Bristol, England). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ad7dc4 →
db:pubmed Feng G, Wang Z, Xu M et al.. (2024). "Cyclodextrin-modified PVDF membranes with improved anti-fouling performance.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142808 →
db:pubmed Yang Y, Sai H, Egner SA et al.. (2024). "Peptide programming of supramolecular vinylidene fluoride ferroelectric phases.". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08041-4 →
db:pubmed Atik G, Kilic NM, Horzum N et al.. (2023). "Antibody-Conjugated Electrospun Nanofibers for Electrochemical Detection of Methamphetamine.". ACS applied materials & interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c02266 →
db:crossref Nassrallah Faris Abdukader Al Shalchi, Javad Rahebi. (2022). "Human retinal optic disc detection with grasshopper optimization algorithm". Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12838-8 →
db:crossref Adrian Beckert, Hans Sigg, Gabriel Aeppli. (2020). "Taking advantage of multiplet structure for lineshape analysis in Fourier space". Optics Express. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.395877 →
db:crossref Mahmoud E. Hodeish, Vikas T. Humbe. (2018). "An Optimized Halftone Visual Cryptography Scheme Using Error Diffusion". Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5724-z →
db:crossref Siming Peng, Aijun Liu, Ke Wang et al.. (2017). "PAPR Reduction of Multicarrier Faster-Than-Nyquist Signals With Partial Transmit Sequence". IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2771758 →
db:crossref Shannon R. Pattenaude, Blake M. Rankin, Kenji Mochizuki et al.. (2016). "Water-mediated aggregation of 2-butoxyethanol". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04379h →
db:crossref David J. Rabb, Douglas F. Jameson, Jason W. Stafford et al.. (2010). "Multi-transmitter aperture synthesis". Optics Express. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.024937 →

Regulatory status of the substance

No entries for this CAS in the restriction lists checked (SVHC candidate list, REACH Annex XVII; datasets incomplete — this is not a confirmation of compliance). CLP classification and transport status (ADR): see the GHS section and the safety data sheet (SDS).

🧪 Chemical DataMolGod_CHEMDATA_1

CAS Number: 24937-79-9

📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

🔍 External identifiersMolGod_EXTID_1

1 of 16 ID systems6%

Database	Identifier	Actions
CAS Registry Number	24937-79-9	Open →

Sources: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 24937-79-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN

📊 Spectroscopic spectra databases — inline data 8 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Click to load spectrum

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Click to load spectrum

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A

UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Click to load spectrum

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America

CC-BY 4.0

▶ Click to load spectrum

🔗 Source

— points

📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777

IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)

Free for non-commercial

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →

📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)

JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs

Reference only

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 JP Monograph →

📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)

WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names

WHO Model Lists (free)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 WHO INN →

📚 WHO INN Programme

DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals

OA journal index (mixed)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 DOAJ →

📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

🔬 Interactive spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrared

Loading IR — Fourier-transform infrared…

MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)

Loading MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)…

Structural propertiesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Loading structural data...

❓ Frequently asked questions (3)MolGod_FAQ_1

What is 24937-79-9?

24937-79-9 (CAS 24937-79-9) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).

Helpful?

What is the CAS number of 24937-79-9?

The CAS number for 24937-79-9 is 24937-79-9. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.

Helpful?

How should 24937-79-9 be stored?

24937-79-9 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.

Helpful?

➕ Suggest a question

Download structure filesMolGod_STRDL_1

Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.

📄 .SDF 📄 .MOL 📈 3D JSON

Source: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH).

🔄 Concentration unit converter LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Enter the 24937-79-9 concentration in any unit — the rest will be calculated automatically.

MW: — g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversion formulas + citations (per formula)

Conversion	Formula	Accuracy	Source
% (w/v) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW	±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mL	IUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molar	c (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)	c = n/V = (m/MW)/V	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous	±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)	IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1	±0.2%	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin	T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15	±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)	BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit	T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32	±0.1 °F	Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL	±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)

📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)

Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
→ Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
→ Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
→ International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
→ General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
→ Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
→ Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
→ Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
→ Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book

🧪 Solution Preparation Wizard WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1

① Select concentration

② Target volume

③ Solvent

Calculations per: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Safety — CAS 24937-79-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN

Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.

No harmonised GHS classification for this substance — see the supplier's current safety data sheet (SDS).

☢️ Toxicological data (IARC + EPA CTX)

🧬 IARC Carcinogen Classification

IARC classification:

No individual IARC entry for this CAS No separate IARC monograph in the checked lists — this is NOT confirmation of a lack of carcinogenicity. Check the CLP/GHS classification (CMR / GHS section).

📚 Sources: IARC Monographs (WHO)
Last verified: unconfirmed

📚 Sources · Bibliography (Chicago Notes-Bibliography)

Samkumpim T, Dowlatshah S, Alahmad W et al.. (2026). "96-Well Agarose-Gel Electromembrane Extraction.". Analytical chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c06783 [DOI]
Zhou D, Bian M, Wei L et al.. (2026). "Stepwise Regulation of Cellular Oxidative Stress via Conductive-Piezoelectric Integrated Microstructured Conduits for Enhanced Nerve Regeneration.". Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202516124 [DOI]
Sui J, Hou Y, Ding C et al.. (2025). "Micromotion-Driven "Mechanical-Electrical-Pharmaceutical Coupling" Bone-Guiding Membrane Modulates Stress-Concentrating Inflammation Under Diabetic Fractures.". Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202505061 [DOI]
Zhang J, Wang W, Wang M et al.. (2025). "Piezoelectric-IL-4 programmed regulation of immuno-microenvironment-induced mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation for bone regeneration.". Ultrasonics sonochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107431 [DOI]
Jiang L, Zhao B, Li Q et al.. (2025). "A Self-Generated Electricity-Driven Sclera reinforcement bionic piezoelectric patch for Management of High Myopia.". Journal of nanobiotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03493-w [DOI]
Parlato S, Centracchio J, Cinotti E et al.. (2025). "A Flexible PVDF Sensor for Forcecardiography.". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051608 [DOI]
Zou C, Chen K, Zheng S et al.. (2025). "ZnO@PVDF/CS Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Membrane Promotes the Healing of Infected Wounds Stimulated by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound.". ACS applied materials & interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c22922 [DOI]
Wei G, Chen C, Li X et al.. (2025). "In situ piezoelectricity induces M2 polarization of macrophages to regulate Schwann cells for alleviating neuropathic pain of CCI rats.". Biomaterials advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214319 [DOI]
(2025). "24937 — Menitas from Lyktos | 17 G-P". Callimachus: The Epigrams. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110770490-038 [DOI]
Andrey V, Koshevaya E, Mstislav M et al.. (2024). "Piezoelectric PVDF and its copolymers in biomedicine: innovations and applications.". Biomaterials science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4bm00904e [DOI]
Martins LA, García-Parra N, Ródenas-Rochina J et al.. (2024). "Assemblable 3D biomimetic microenvironment for hMSC osteogenic differentiation.". Biomedical materials (Bristol, England). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ad7dc4 [DOI]
Feng G, Wang Z, Xu M et al.. (2024). "Cyclodextrin-modified PVDF membranes with improved anti-fouling performance.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142808 [DOI]
Yang Y, Sai H, Egner SA et al.. (2024). "Peptide programming of supramolecular vinylidene fluoride ferroelectric phases.". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08041-4 [DOI]
Atik G, Kilic NM, Horzum N et al.. (2023). "Antibody-Conjugated Electrospun Nanofibers for Electrochemical Detection of Methamphetamine.". ACS applied materials & interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c02266 [DOI]
Nassrallah Faris Abdukader Al Shalchi, Javad Rahebi. (2022). "Human retinal optic disc detection with grasshopper optimization algorithm". Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12838-8 [DOI]

📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 24937-79-9 · PubChem ↗

Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.

📈 Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Measurement results:

Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.

📐 Statistical formulas

x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
s = √s² — standard deviation
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs' test
Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Buffer Recipe Calculator UNIQUE

Choose a buffer from the list of 20 popular systems → enter the target pH → get an exact recipe with the masses to weigh out.

Step 1: Choose a buffer system

📜 Recipe history (last 10)

📅 Project Planner — Lab Experiment Manager NEW

Plan your entire laboratory project: add experiments with reagents, replicates, and duration. You'll get a Gantt chart, a shopping list (with links to the store!), a budget with a 10% margin, and a GHS risk matrix.

🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility MolGod_SOLUB_1

Molecule

CAS 24937-79-9

logP (XLogP3)

—

Polarity

—

⚠️ Estimate based on logP (heuristic). No HSP values in the database — limited precision. Verify experimentally.

Solvent compatibility table not available for this substance.
The Hansen parameters fall outside the range of the method, so the distance Ra cannot be calculated, and the database holds no solubility measurement to put in its place. Rather than eleven ratings with nothing behind them, we show none. Base the solvent choice on the safety data sheet and on experimental data.

Sources: PubChem (NIH) · Hansen Solubility Database

📚 Scientific references for solvents (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water

Ethanol (EtOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol

Methanol (MeOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol

Acetone

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone

Acetonitrile (ACN)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile

DMSO

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO

THF

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran

DCM (CH₂Cl₂)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane

Chloroform (CHCl₃)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform

n-Hexane

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane

Toluene

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene

Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):

Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 24937-79-9 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Check reaction compatibility MolGod_RXNCOMP_1

Check whether 24937-79-9 is compatible with another reagent

📦 Storage compatibility matrix

	Acids	Bases	Oxidizers	Flammable	Toxic	Gazy
Acids	✓	✗	✗	✗	⚠	✗
Bases	✗	✓	⚠	⚠	⚠	⚠
Oxidizers	✗	⚠	✓	✗	⚠	✗
Flammable	✗	⚠	✗	✓	⚠	✗
Toxic	⚠	⚠	⚠	⚠	✓	⚠
Gazy	✗	⚠	✗	✗	⚠	✓

✓ Can be stored together · ⚠ Caution · ✗ Do NOT store together · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Compatibility data from: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laboratory calculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1

ppm → mg/L

Temperature C↔F↔K

Verified formulas: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopic Databases MolGod_SPECDB_3

¹H NMR NMRShiftDB ↗ IR NIST WebBook ↗ MS MoNA ↗ UV-Vis SDBS Japan ↗ MS (NIST) NIST MS ↗ NMR (SDBS) SDBS NMR ↗ JP Monograph Farmacopea JP ↗ WHO INN WHO Model ↗ DOAJ Open Access ↗

📋 Laboratory protocol generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Target concentration

Volume (mL)

Initials

Protocol generated based on: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Label generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1

Concentration

Preparation Date

Initials

🧪 Solution preparation assistant (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Enter what you want to prepare — I'll generate an SOP

Examples below — click to insert:

Preset recipes:

📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 24937-79-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN

🔗 Citation network (citation network) 7 seed papers

📊 Graf citations for CAS 24937-79-9. Each node = a research paper; an A→B edge = paper A cites B. Data from OpenAlex (Priem 2022).

⚡ Fetch network data

Network built on-demand from the OpenAlex API (24h cache).

🔬 HPLC — methods & parameters — CAS 24937-79-9MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN

📈 HPLC gradient — optimizer (LSS) TEMPLATE

logP unknown — PubChem did not return an XLogP value. The gradient below is a generic 5–95% MeCN/H2O template over 15 min; verify parameters before use.

⚠ logP unavailable. PubChem did not return an XLogP3 value for this CAS number. The gradient values below are a generic template — not an LSS fit for this compound.

Column: C18
Buffer: phosphate
Flow: 1 mL/min
logP: logP unavailable
Ramp: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
Total analysis time: 28 min

t (min)	%A	%B	flow (mL/min)	Comment
0	79	21	1	start (equilibrium)
2	79	21	1	end of initial hold
17	5	95	1	end of LSS ramp
22	5	95	1	column wash
23	79	21	1	return to init
28	79	21	1	re-equilibration

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/24937-79-9

📐 Column dimensions — van Deemter calculator N=12,466

Formula: H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).

Dimensions	150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Theoretical plates (N)	12,466
N at u_opt	12,500
HETP (current)	12.032 µm
Min. HETP	12 µm
Linear velocity (u)	0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)	0.12 cm/s
Back pressure (ΔP)	42.1 bar
Analysis time (dead volume)	2.49 min

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/column/24937-79-9

🧪 Mobile phase — compatibility matrix MISCIBLE

Component	Name	UV cutoff (nm)	P'	Detectors
Solv.	Acetonitrile (MeCN)	190	5.8	UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Solv.	Water	190	10.2	UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Buffer	Phosphate (KH2PO4 / K2HPO4)	195	pH 2.0-3.0 / 6.5-8.0 / 11.0-12.5	MS ✗

Detector: UV — compatible with both solvents.

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/mobile-phase?solvent_a=...&solvent_b=...

Complete HPLC Method Guide Peer-Reviewed

Molecule-specific scenarios, troubleshooting, and literature references

Molecular Predictor

The predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 24937-79-9) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time

1.2 min

Range: 0.84 – 1.56

confidence: low

Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min

UV λ_max

210 nm

confidence: medium

No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne

Concentration

0.5 mg/mL

confidence: low

Brak MW

Buffer pH

Range: 1.5 – 2.5

confidence: medium

Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)

Injection Volume

10 μL

confidence: low

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

1. Mobile Phase Selection Solvents, grades, shopping list

Real Chemist Problem

What to set on the DAD for an unknown compound?

You do not know λ_max. The DAD covers 200–800 nm. Set it wide or narrow? Use bandwidth 4 or 16 nm?

How We Solve This

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

Consumption Calculator

Number of Samples:

Flow Rate (mL/min):

Runtime (min):

Solvent	Per Sample	Total Needed	Buy (bottles)	Cost
TOTAL COST:	0 PLN

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Interactive Calculator

Number of Samples:

Flow Rate (mL/min):

Runtime (min):

Solvent	Per Sample	Total Needed	Buy (bottles)	Cost
TOTAL COST:	0 PLN

Deep Education

Understanding Mobile Phase Chemistry

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?

Property	Acetonitrile (ACN)	Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)	0.37 cP	0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure	~150 bar	~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff	190 nm	205 nm
Elution Strength	Stronger	Weaker
Price (typical)	115 PLN/L	70 PLN/L (-39%)

Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?

Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

Samples per quarter

Chemist hourly rate (PLN)

Column price (PLN)

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—

	Nasza (ACN)	Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L	115 PLN	70 PLN
Runtime/sample	23 min	32 min (+40%)
Back pressure	150 bar	210 bar
Solwent/sample	~130 mL	~180 mL
Koszt/sample	~5 PLN	~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample	23 min	32 min
Czas pracy chemika	—	—
Total/quarter	—	—

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—

	Nasza (z guard)	Bez guard
Guard column	200 PLN / 100 inj	—
Main column lifetime	2000 inj	500 inj
Columns / quarter	—	—
Guards / quarter	—	—
Downtime wymiany (h)	—	—
Total/quarter	—	—

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—

	Nasza (SOP template)	Custom dev
Initial setup	1 h (use template)	40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)	8 h	24 h
Dokumentacja	2 h (edit template)	16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1	~2%	~15%
Total (jednorazowo)	—	—

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—

	Fast (5 min)	Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample	5 min	23 min
Samples/8h shift	—	—
Shifts potrzebnych	—	—
Koszt pracy	—	—
Savings	—	—

Total annual savings: —

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use distilled water instead of HPLC grade? +

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

How much buffer to add to 1 L of water for 10 mM NH₄HCO₃? +

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

Dla (logP=) — ACN czy MeOH? +

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=, CAS 24937-79-9) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

ACN vs MeOH — which to choose? +

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

2. Gradient Optimization Timeline, slope, retention control

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Stability studies — forced degradation

5 degradation conditions (acidic / alkaline / oxidation / light / temperature). You must separate all degradation products.

Our Gradient Strategy

Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#	Time	%B start	%B end	Duration	Slope (Δ%B/min)	Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Flow rate (mL/min)

Gradient time (min)

%B start

%B end

—

Slope (Δ%B/min)

—

Gradient volume (mL)

—

Dwell vol estimate (mL)

—

k*·t₀ (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t₀ ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log k_w − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t₀. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t₀ ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to set the starting %B in the gradient? +

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Jakie Rt przewidywane dla na kolumnie C18 150mm? +

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Dlaczego linear gradient a nie step? +

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

3. Column Selection C18, particle size, dimensions

Column Choice Dilemma

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

Lesson learned (Student MSc, UW, 2024-10):
Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Recommended Columns

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Frequently Asked Questions

C18 vs C8 — which one when? +

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Co to guard column i czy warto? +

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Dla MW= — jaka porozumienie kolumny (pore size)? +

Rule of thumb: analytes MW10000 (proteins) → pore 1000 Å. For MW= (CAS 24937-79-9) use a standard C18 100 Å column.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

4. Detection Settings UV wavelength, bandwidth, response

Detection Gotcha

First method — how do you know where to start?

Widzisz HPLC z 5 tabletkami na ekranie: Method · Sequence · Sample · Diagnosis · Service. Klikasz Method — "No method loaded". Co teraz?

DAD Settings

Parameter	Value	Why
Wavelength	210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)	Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth	4 nm	Balance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time	0.5 s	Zgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ	360 nm, bw 100 nm	Kompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

5. Method Validation SST, precision, accuracy, robustness

Validation Reality Check

Batch release testing per GMP

Release of 5 batches per month. The method must meet USP , ICH Q2(R1), FDA 2015 Guidance. Auditable documentation.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

Parameter	Acceptance	Formula
Resolution (Rs)	≥ 2.0	2(t_R2 − t_R1) / (w₁ + w₂)
Tailing factor (Tf)	≤ 1.5	W_0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)	≥ 5000	16·(t_R / w)²
RSD (6 injections)	≤ 2.0%	σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)	≥ 0.9990	80–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

Inject the standard 6× in a row
Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
ALL pass → proceed with samples
ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

Resolution (R_s) &geq; 2.0
Tailing factor (T_f) &leq; 2.0
Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

Harmonizowane z USP
System suitability identical do USP
Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

§211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
§211.160 — laboratory controls
§211.165 — testing and release
§211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr	Nasza metoda ★	USP <621>	Literatura	Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna	Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm	L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm)	n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS)	Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size	3.5 μm	5 μm (USP default)	—	5 μm
Faza A	10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0	Phosphate buffer pH 2.5	—	0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B	Acetonitryl HPLC grade	Acetonitryl / Methanol	—	Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient	5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear)	Isocratic (preferowane w USP)	—	10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow	1.0 mL/min	1.5 mL/min	—	1.0 mL/min
Temperatura	30°C	25°C	—	40°C
Detekcja	UV 210 nm + 254 nm	UV 254 nm (standard USP)	—	DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime	23 min	30 min	—	25 min
Rs (typ.)	2.3	≥ 2.0	—	2.1
Walidacja	USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1)	USP <621> obligatoryjnie	—	Application note only
Solvent cost/run	~5 PLN/run	~7 PLN/run	—	~6 PLN/run

Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate

Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate

UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate

Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate

Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate

Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate

Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate

Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate

Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate

Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Frequently Asked Questions

Co to system suitability test (SST)? +

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

What if Rs=1.9 (fail)? +

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Spec limits for — how to establish? +

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla (CAS 24937-79-9) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

6. Sample Preparation Dilution, filtration, storage

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

Lesson learned (Student MSc, UW, 2024-10):
Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Sample Prep Protocol

Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

7. Downloads & Resources PDF method, SOP template, validation protocols

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensic Fix — real failure stories Lessons learned

Real chemists' mishaps — what happened, what helped, what to avoid.

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company 2025-02-10 Poziom 4/5

What happened:

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.

💡 Lekcja:

The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

Method transfer from Warsaw to Krakow failed

R&D team, 2 sites 2025-09-18 Poziom 5/5

What happened:

At first we ran it in the Warsaw lab. Transfer to Kraków: every Rt shifted +0.8 min, Rs borderline at 1.9-2.1. Investigation: buffers from different manufacturers (Merck vs Sigma-Aldrich) differed by 0.2 in pH. 6 weeks of transfer revalidation.

💡 Lekcja:

Transfer requires a SPEC for the buffer (manufacturer, grade, LOT). Not just „NH4HCO3 10 mM pH 7.0". Run a preliminary system suitability on the new instrument before the full transfer.

Ask about this method

Hi — I'm trained on all scenarios, FAQ, and literature for this method. Ask me anything.

Share your scenario

Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".

🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1

⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 24937-79-9). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.