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Eapearl Chemical
sodium bicarbonate — label CAS 144-55-8

Sodium bicarbonate

NaOH

CAS 144-55-8 EC 205-663-8 NaHCO3 Powder

Specification

Product NameSodium bicarbonate
Other NamesNaOH
CAS No.144-55-8
EINECS No.205-663-8
MFNaHCO3
Molecular weight84.01
Purity99%
AppearanceZhamu acid, strong acid
Density2.16 g/mL at 25 °C
Melting point851 °C
Boiling point>300°C (lit.)
flash (ing) point169.8°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Packaging and shipping

Dag25kg
IBC Dag25kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate is a safe, non-toxic and environmentally friendly white crystalline powder. With its mild alkalinity, the property of decomposing upon heating/acidification to produce gas, good solubility and buffering capacity, it has become a versatile and safe cornerstone connecting the food industry, environmental protection, personal care, fire safety, medical health and numerous industrial fields. We are committed to providing stable products, reasonable prices and professional services to meet the extensive demands of various industries for basic chemicals.

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd. as a professional chemical supply chain service provider, relies on stable and reliable resource channels and strict quality management systems to offer customers high-quality sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda or disodium hydrogen carbonate) products and solutions ranging from food grade, pharmaceutical grade to industrial grade. Sodium bicarbonate is a safe, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly white crystalline powder. With its mild alkalinity, the ability to decompose upon heat or acid exposure to produce gas, good solubility, and buffering capacity, it becomes a versatile and safety cornerstone connecting the food industry, environmental protection, personal care, fire safety, medical health, and numerous industrial fields. We are committed to meeting the extensive demands of various industries for basic chemicals with stable products, reasonable prices, and professional services.

Food grade: Compliant with GB 1886.2-2015 “Food Additives – National Food Safety Standards”. The total alkaline content, arsenic, heavy metals, clarity and other indicators strictly meet the standards. It is a leavening agent for baked goods, a beverage, soda water, a food processing aid, a fruit and vegetable cleaning agent.

Feed grade: Compliant with national feed additive standards. As an alkalizing agent and electrolyte supplement, it regulates the pH of the rumen of animals and the fluid balance of the body.

Ruminant feed additive, water quality regulation for aquaculture.

Pharmaceutical grade: Compliant with the “Chinese Pharmacopoeia” (ChP) standards. High purity, strict impurity control. Acid-producing drugs (for neutralizing stomach acid), hemodialysis fluid, peritoneal dialysis fluid, pharmaceutical excipients.

Industrial grade: Meets the requirements of general industrial products. The total alkaline content (calculated as NaHCO₃) is usually ≥ 99.0%. Environmental neutralizing agent, industrial cleaning, chemical raw materials, fire extinguishing agent, rubber and plastic foaming. Reagent grade: Compliant with national standards for chemical reagents (analytical purity AR, chemical purity CP). Laboratory analysis, research, and teaching.

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.

Delivery&Payment method

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) - Complete range of manufacturers, providing applications in various fields such as food additives, environmental protection treatment, and scientific research.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Sodium bicarbonate shipped?

Standard formats are Dag (25kg), IBC Dag (25kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Sodium bicarbonate?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Sodium bicarbonate

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🧬 3D Molecule Visualizer
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3D model Sodium Bicarbonate, CAS 144-55-8, molecular formula CHNaO3, molar mass 84.007 g/mol

Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.

📊 Physicochemical data — CAS 144-55-8MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Physicochemical properties

Quick Reference

Formula: CHNaO3
MW: 84.007 g/mol
CAS: 144-55-8

Detailed Properties

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Refractive Index (nD) 1.5[1] 20 °C, D-line CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
🔬 Advanced Properties

Chemical Identifiers

SMILES: C(=O)(O)[O-].[Na+]

Data sources: CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024) (ISBN 9781032655628)

Last updated: unconfirmed

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. Rumble, J.R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. ↗ dotyczy: Refractive Index (nD)
Chemical Overview: Sodium BicarbonateMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Molecular formulaCHNaO3[1]
Molecular weight84.007 g/mol[1]
Melting point50 °C
Density2.2 g/cm³
pKa6.35
IUPAC namesodium hydrogen carbonate[1]
SMILESC(=O)(O)[O-].[Na+][1]
InChIKeyUIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M[1]

Synonyms: SODIUM BICARBONATE · 144-55-8 · Sodium hydrogen carbonate · Baking soda · Sodium hydrogencarbonate

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH), CRC Handbook 105th ed.
Last updated: 2026-09-21

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · IUPAC name · SMILES · InChIKey

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

[1]PubMed2026
Sodium Bicarbonate for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Granfeldt A, Kirkegaard BL, Vallentin MF et al.. (2026). "Sodium Bicarbonate for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.10628
Go to full study ↗
[2]PubMed2025
Sodium Bicarbonate for Severe Metabolic Acidemia and Acute Kidney Injury: The BICARICU-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A et al.. (2025). "Sodium Bicarbonate for Severe Metabolic Acidemia and Acute Kidney Injury: The BICARICU-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.
Go to full study ↗
[3]PubMed2025
Sodium bicarbonate administration for metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit: a target trial emulation.
Blank SP, Blank RM, Laupland KB et al.. (2025). "Sodium bicarbonate administration for metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit: a target trial emulation.". Intensive care medicine. https://doi.o
Go to full study ↗
[4]PubMed2025
Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on tongue coating and oral hygiene in patients with heart failure: a randomized…
Li X, Yang R, Lu M et al.. (2025). "Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on tongue coating and oral hygiene in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial.". BMC oral health. https://
Go to full study ↗
[5]Europe PMC2024
The effects of sodium hydrogen carbonate ingestion during the recovery period between two 200-m front-crawl time trials.
(2024). "The effects of sodium hydrogen carbonate ingestion during the recovery period between two 200-m front-crawl time trials.". https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05522-2
Go to full study ↗
[6]PubMed2024
Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis.
Yang TY, Lin HM, Wang HY et al.. (2024). "Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis.". Clinical journal of the American Soci
Go to full study ↗
[7]Europe PMC2022
At-line near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods for determining the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate in a fluidized…
et al.. (2022). "At-line near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods for determining the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate in a fluidized bed process.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpb
Go to full study ↗
[8]Europe PMC2019
Concentration Dependencies of Diffusion Permeability of Anion-Exchange Membranes in Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Monosodium Phosphate, and Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate…
et al.. (2019). "Concentration Dependencies of Diffusion Permeability of Anion-Exchange Membranes in Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Monosodium Phosphate, and Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Solutions.". https
Go to full study ↗
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) 17 refs · 3 baz

MOLECULE Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)

Sources: db:pubmed (5) · db:Europe PMC (10) · db:crossref (3)

  1. db:pubmed Granfeldt A, Kirkegaard BL, Vallentin MF et al.. (2026). "Sodium Bicarbonate for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.10628 →
  2. db:pubmed Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A et al.. (2025). "Sodium Bicarbonate for Severe Metabolic Acidemia and Acute Kidney Injury: The BICARICU-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.20231 →
  3. db:pubmed Blank SP, Blank RM, Laupland KB et al.. (2025). "Sodium bicarbonate administration for metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit: a target trial emulation.". Intensive care medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07979-x →
  4. db:pubmed Li X, Yang R, Lu M et al.. (2025). "Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on tongue coating and oral hygiene in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial.". BMC oral health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06836-z →
  5. db:Europe PMC (2024). "The effects of sodium hydrogen carbonate ingestion during the recovery period between two 200-m front-crawl time trials.". https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05522-2 →
  6. db:pubmed Yang TY, Lin HM, Wang HY et al.. (2024). "Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis.". Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.0000000000000487 →
  7. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2022). "At-line near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods for determining the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate in a fluidized bed process.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114918 →
  8. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2019). "Concentration Dependencies of Diffusion Permeability of Anion-Exchange Membranes in Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Monosodium Phosphate, and Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Solutions.". https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9120170 →
  9. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2018). "Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance sodium hydrogen carbonate.". https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5407 →
  10. db:crossref Daniel Nelson. (2018). "What Is Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate?". Science Trends. https://doi.org/10.31988/scitrends.9818 →
  11. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2016). "Clinical findings and effect of sodium hydrogen carbonate in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency.". https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015-0308 →
  12. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2010). "Determination of L-ascorbic acid in human serum by chemiluminescence based on hydrogen peroxide-sodium hydrogen carbonate-CdSe/CdS quantum dots system.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.03.024 →
  13. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2007). "Hydrothermal reactions from sodium hydrogen carbonate to phenol.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ol070597o →
  14. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2006). "Stability of amphotericin B and nystatin in antifungal mouthrinses containing sodium hydrogen carbonate.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.011 →
  15. db:Europe PMC (1976). "[Age dependent differences in toxicity of sodium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium chloride in rats].".
  16. db:crossref (0). "Hydrothermal Reactions from Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to Phenol". https://doi.org/10.1021/ol070597o.s001 →
  17. db:crossref (0). "Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water. Sodium hydrogen carbonate". https://doi.org/10.3403/30267843 →
Regulatory status of the substance
No entries for this CAS in the restriction lists checked (SVHC candidate list, REACH Annex XVII; datasets incomplete — this is not a confirmation of compliance). CLP classification and transport status (ADR): see the GHS section and the safety data sheet (SDS).
🧮 Stoichiometry CalculatorMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Chemical DataMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS Number
144-55-8
Molecular formula
CHNaO3
Molar mass
84.007 g/mol
IUPAC name (EN)
sodium hydrogen carbonate
SMILES
C(=O)(O)[O-].[Na+]
InChIKey
UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M
📚 Scientific literature (10 articles)MolGod_LITSCI_1
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
2.18

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 External identifiersMolGod_EXTID_1
15 of 16 ID systems94%
DatabaseIdentifierActions
CAS Registry Number144-55-8Open →
PubChem CID516892[1]Open →
InChIKeyUIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M[1]Open →
InChIInChI=1S/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-…[1]
SMILESC(=O)(O)[O-].[Na+][1]
EC Number205-633-8[2]Open →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1353[3]Open →
DrugBankDB01390Open →
KEGG CompoundD01203Open →
HMDBHMDB0303541Open →
ChemSpider8609[4]Open →
MeSH UID (NLM)D017693Open →
UNII (FDA)8MDF5V39QOOpen →
NSC Number (NCI)134031Open →
WikiData QIDQ179731Open →

Sources: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Extended Bibliography (2)

  1. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (probable) ❓ unverified Roberts, D.G.; Ovenden, S.. 2002. "Cooking with sodium bicarbonate: leavening chemistry." Journal of Chemical Education. link [accessed: 2026-09-23]
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "sodium bicarbonate with sodium chloride.". https://doi.org/10.18578/bnf.704764965. link [accessed: 2026-09-21]
📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 144-55-8MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Spectroscopic spectra databases — inline data 9 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
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— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
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— points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
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— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
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JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

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🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

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📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Data is fetched once (JCAMP-DX parser) and stored in the plugin's local database. No duplicate downloads, no NIST queries on subsequent openings. Licences respected (only a deep link plus our own visualisation is published).

🔬 Interactive spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

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Structural propertiesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

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❓ Frequently asked questions (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 144-55-8?
144-55-8 (CAS 144-55-8) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Helpful?
What is the CAS number of 144-55-8?
The CAS number for 144-55-8 is 144-55-8. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Helpful?
How should 144-55-8 be stored?
144-55-8 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
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➕ Suggest a question
Download structure filesMolGod_STRDL_1

Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.

Source: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 516892

🔄 Concentration unit converter LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Enter the Sodium Bicarbonate concentration in any unit — the rest will be calculated automatically.

MW: 84.007 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversion formulas + citations (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuracySource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Similar molecular structuresMolGod_SIMSTR_1

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Calculations per: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Computational chemistryMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

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🛡️ Safety — CAS 144-55-8MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.

No harmonised GHS classification for this substance — see the supplier's current safety data sheet (SDS).

📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 144-55-8 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.

📈 Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
  • s = √s² — standard deviation
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs' test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Buffer Recipe Calculator UNIQUE
References: pKa values from Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Choose a buffer from the list of 20 popular systems → enter the target pH → get an exact recipe with the masses to weigh out.

Step 1: Choose a buffer system

📜 Recipe history (last 10)
Pharmacological Status

Lek zatwierdzony (Faza 4)

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approved

Approved for marketing by regulatory authorities.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1353 ↗

Extended Bibliography (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "sodium bicarbonate with sodium chloride.". https://doi.org/10.18578/bnf.704764965. link [accessed: 2026-09-21]
📅 Project Planner — Lab Experiment Manager NEW

Plan your entire laboratory project: add experiments with reagents, replicates, and duration. You'll get a Gantt chart, a shopping list (with links to the store!), a budget with a 10% margin, and a GHS risk matrix.

🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecule
Sodium Bicarbonate
Formula
CHNaO3
logP (XLogP3)
—
Mass (g/mol)
84.007
Polarity
—

⚠️ Ionic / inorganic compound — Hansen parameters (δD/δP/δH) do not apply: dissolution is governed by crystal-lattice energy and ion solvation, not molecular cohesion. The HSP block and Hansen sphere are omitted. HSP-dependent columns (Compat./Ra/Visual) are marked "n/a" — base solvent selection on experimental data.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule)

Solvent Compat. Ra Visual GC-MS HPLC Applications References
Water (H₂O)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonen/d—not applicable✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)n/d—not applicable✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSOn/d—not applicable✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFn/d—not applicable✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)n/d—not applicable✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)n/d—not applicable✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanen/d—not applicable✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenen/d—not applicable✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Scientific references for solvents (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 144-55-8 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Check reaction compatibility MolGod_RXNCOMP_1

Check whether Sodium Bicarbonate is compatible with another reagent

📦 Storage compatibility matrix
Acids Bases Oxidizers Flammable Toxic Gazy
Acids ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Bases ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Oxidizers ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Flammable ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toxic ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Can be stored together · ⚠ Caution · ✗ Do NOT store together · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Compatibility data from: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laboratory calculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarity (M=n/V)
pH Buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Mass → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Verified formulas: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopic Databases MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laboratory protocol generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocol generated based on: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Label generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Sodium bicarbonate• Sodium hydrogen carbonate / Baking soda• IUPAC: sodium hydrogen carbonate• CAS: 144-55-8• EC: 205-633-8• Formula: CHNaO3• Mass: 84.007 g/molAnhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
🧪 Solution preparation assistant (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Enter what you want to prepare — I'll generate an SOP

Examples below — click to insert:
Preset recipes:
📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 144-55-8MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Key findings (scientific literature) 15 publications
🏆 CAS 144-55-8 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Jaber, S.; Paugam, C.; Futier, E.; Lefrant, J.Y.; Lasocki, S. et al. (BICAR-ICU) (2018) · The Lancet
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon) · 480 citations
    SCORE 10.45 Pharmacology MUST-CITE Citations: 480 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
    Why it matters: Open access
    SCORE 10.06 Analytics Citations: 3 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Forsythe, S.M.; Schmidt, G.A. (2013) · Chest
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon) · 340 citations · review
    SCORE 8.5 Review MUST-CITE Citations: 340 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2019) · Membranes
    Why it matters: Open access
    SCORE 8.07 Mechanism Citations: 10 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Roberts, D.G.; Ovenden, S. (2002) · Journal of Chemical Education
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)
    SCORE 6.53 Mechanism MUST-CITE Citations: 80 DOI ↗
  6. #6
    et al. (2010) · Talanta
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 6.44 Analytics Citations: 75 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    Yang TY, Lin HM, Wang HY et al. (2024) · Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
    Why it matters: Recent (2024) · meta-analysis · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Review Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A et al. (2025) · JAMA
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    Granfeldt A, Kirkegaard BL, Vallentin MF et al. (2026) · JAMA
    Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    Blank SP, Blank RM, Laupland KB et al. (2025) · Intensive care medicine
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Li X, Yang R, Lu M et al. (2025) · BMC oral health
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    et al. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.31 Pharmacology Citations: 7 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2007) · Organic Letters
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3.24 Mechanism Citations: 11 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    (1976)
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0 Pharmacology PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0 Mechanism DOI ↗
🔬 HPLC — methods & parameters — CAS 144-55-8MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🧪 System Suitability — live calculator (USP <621>)

Enter data from 5–6 injections (areas, tR, tailing, plates) — the calculator computes %RSD and means and checks compliance with USP <621>. You can paste CSV (comma-separated) or edit individual values.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
📐 HPLC peak symmetry calculator (USP Tf / As)

Calculate the USP tailing factor (Tf) and asymmetry (As) from the peak half-widths. Enter a (left half-width) and b (right half-width) measured at 5% or 10% of peak height.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Resolution and plate count calculator (Rs, N, H)

Calculate the resolution Rs, the number of theoretical plates N and HETP (H) for a pair of HPLC peaks. Enter the retention times, peak widths (at 50% or at the base) and the column length.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.

Complete HPLC Method Guide Peer-Reviewed

Molecule-specific scenarios, troubleshooting, and literature references

Molecular Predictor

The predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 144-55-8) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
1.2 min
Range: 0.84 – 1.56
confidence: low
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 5.952 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Real Chemist Problem

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

How We Solve This

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

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Interactive Calculator

Deep Education

Understanding Mobile Phase Chemistry

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Frequently Asked Questions

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=84.007, CAS 144-55-8) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Transfer metody z HPLC na UHPLC

Your HPLC 4.6×250mm 5μm method works. You have to make a UHPLC version 2.1×50mm 1.7μm. How to scale it (Neue/Jorgenson)?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Frequently Asked Questions

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla sodium hydrogen carbonate (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Column Choice Dilemma

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.
Lesson learned (Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW, 2024-11-15):
ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Frequently Asked Questions

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=84.007 (CAS 144-55-8) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Detection Gotcha

Eksport chromatogramu do raportu

Your boss wants a PNG of the chromatogram for a presentation. You only have ChemStation with a .ch file. How to get from .ch → PNG?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.
Lesson learned (Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company, 2025-02-10):
The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Frequently Asked Questions

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla sodium hydrogen carbonate (CAS 144-55-8) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Dissolving the sample — in what?

Standard in an ampoule. Dissolve it in water? ACN? Methanol? The protocol does not say. The wrong solvent → smeared peaks.

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensic Fix — real failure stories Lessons learned

Real chemists' mishaps — what happened, what helped, what to avoid.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
What happened:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

FDA finding — audit trail disabled

Director of QC, pharma 2025-11-04 Poziom 5/5
What happened:

FDA inspection Q3 2025. Warning Letter: "Empower audit trail disabled w 3 sekwencjach 2024-12". Investigation: stary operator który odszedł, miał privilege „Disable audit" do troubleshoot. NIKT nie wyłączył mu privileged after departure.

💡 Lekcja:

Privileged access review MONTHLY. Disable audit trail should never be enabled on prod. HR offboarding MUST trigger IT access revocation. Cost: 483 forms + 6 months of remediation.

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Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 144-55-8). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
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📄 Certificates of Analysis (CoA) CAS 144-55-8 none MolGod_COA_2

No certificates for this product in the database.

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

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📜 Patents (public metadata) no data MolGod_PATENT_2

No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
  1. Granfeldt A, Kirkegaard BL, Vallentin MF et al.. (2026). "Sodium Bicarbonate for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.10628
  2. Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A et al.. (2025). "Sodium Bicarbonate for Severe Metabolic Acidemia and Acute Kidney Injury: The BICARICU-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.20231
  3. Blank SP, Blank RM, Laupland KB et al.. (2025). "Sodium bicarbonate administration for metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit: a target trial emulation.". Intensive care medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07979-x
  4. Li X, Yang R, Lu M et al.. (2025). "Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on tongue coating and oral hygiene in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial.". BMC oral health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06836-z
  5. (2024). "The effects of sodium hydrogen carbonate ingestion during the recovery period between two 200-m front-crawl time trials.". https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05522-2
  6. Yang TY, Lin HM, Wang HY et al.. (2024). "Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis.". Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.0000000000000487
  7. et al.. (2022). "At-line near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods for determining the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate in a fluidized bed process.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114918
  8. et al.. (2019). "Concentration Dependencies of Diffusion Permeability of Anion-Exchange Membranes in Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Monosodium Phosphate, and Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Solutions.". https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9120170
  9. et al.. (2018). "Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance sodium hydrogen carbonate.". https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5407
  10. Daniel Nelson. (2018). "What Is Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate?". Science Trends. https://doi.org/10.31988/scitrends.9818
  11. et al.. (2016). "Clinical findings and effect of sodium hydrogen carbonate in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency.". https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015-0308
  12. et al.. (2010). "Determination of L-ascorbic acid in human serum by chemiluminescence based on hydrogen peroxide-sodium hydrogen carbonate-CdSe/CdS quantum dots system.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.03.024
  13. et al.. (2007). "Hydrothermal reactions from sodium hydrogen carbonate to phenol.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ol070597o
  14. et al.. (2006). "Stability of amphotericin B and nystatin in antifungal mouthrinses containing sodium hydrogen carbonate.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.011
  15. (1976). "[Age dependent differences in toxicity of sodium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium chloride in rats].".
  16. (0). "Hydrothermal Reactions from Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to Phenol". https://doi.org/10.1021/ol070597o.s001
  17. (0). "Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water. Sodium hydrogen carbonate". https://doi.org/10.3403/30267843
  18. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  19. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  20. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  21. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  22. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  23. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  24. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  25. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  26. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  27. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  28. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  29. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/144-55-8?status=active&limit=10

Extended Bibliography (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "sodium bicarbonate with sodium chloride.". https://doi.org/10.18578/bnf.704764965. link [accessed: 2026-09-21]
Data from PubChemSource: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 121 items

All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 144-55-8. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Scientific databases

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 144-55-8. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=144-55-8.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 144-55-8. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 144-55-8. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=144-55-8.

📐 Standards / Guidelines

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Books

  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 105th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  3. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  4. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  5. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  6. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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