Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical
Melamine, CAS 108-78-1 — chemical product label

Melamine

Melamine

CAS 108-78-1 EC 203-615-4 C3H6N6 Precursor CLP Warning
IARC Grupa 2B — Możliwie kancerogenna dla ludzi
CAS: 108-78-1 | Źródło IARC
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 23.09.2026

Specification

Product NameMelamine
Other NamesMelamine
CAS No.108-78-1
EINECS No.203-615-4
MFC3H6N6
Molecular weight126.12
Purity99%
Appearancewhite crystal
Density1.573
Melting point>300 °C
Boiling point224.22°C
flash (ing) point>110°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Warning

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H351 Suspected of causing cancer
  • H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Precautionary statements (2)
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking

European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Packaging and shipping

Drum25kg
IBC Drum100kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Melamine
Melamine
Melamine

The core value of melamine stems from its unique molecular structure. Its wide application is based on the following characteristics:
High nitrogen content (approximately 66%): This makes it an ideal raw material for manufacturing efficient nitrogen-based flame retardants. It achieves vapor-phase flame retardancy by releasing inert gases during combustion.
High reactivity: The molecule contains three active amino groups, which can undergo condensation reactions with formaldehyde and other substances, serving as the foundation for manufacturing melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF resin). This resin exhibits excellent hardness, wear resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation properties. Environmental protection features: As an important intermediate material for the production of high-performance polycarboxylate superplasticizers, it helps the concrete industry achieve green and high-performance development.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional chemical supply chain service provider, leveraging its profound understanding of the chemical industry chain and stable resource channels, offers customers high-quality industrial-grade melamine products and market solutions. Melamine is an important nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound, characterized by its high nitrogen content, high reactivity, and excellent physical and chemical properties. It serves as the core raw material for the production of high-end resins, environmentally friendly water-reducing agents, flame-retardant materials, and decorative panels, playing a crucial role in modern building materials, textile, automotive, and coating industries.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Delivery&Payment method

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Melamine shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (25kg), IBC Drum (100kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Melamine?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Melamine

Methyl acetate: uses and what to specify

Methyl acetate (CAS 79-20-9): a fast ester solvent for coatings, inks and cleaning, and the usual replacement for…

Article

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🧬 Wizualizator molekuły 3D
Ładowanie molekuły...
Model 3D Melamine, CAS 108-78-1, wzór sumaryczny C3H6N6, masa molowa 126.12 g/mol

Dane transkrybowane z rejestrów regulacyjnych i literatury fachowej, z podaniem źródła i wydania. Nie zastępują karty charakterystyki dostawcy. Pola bez zapisanego źródła oznaczone jako takie.

📊 Dane fizykochemiczne — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Właściwości fizykochemiczne

Szybki przegląd

Wzór: C3H6N6
MW: 126.12 g/mol
CAS: 108-78-1
Wygląd: Monoclinic prisms

Właściwości szczegółowe

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

Właściwość Wartość Jednostka Warunki Źródło
Density (ρ) 1.573 at 16.1 °C (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Temperatura topnienia (mp) 345 °C (decomposes) (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Temperatura wrzenia (bp) Sublimes (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Prężność par 50 mmHg at 315 °C (NTP, 1992)[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Rozpuszczalność w wodzie less than 1 mg/mL at 22.2 °C (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Współczynnik załamania światła (nD) Index of refraction: 1.872 at 20 degC/D[1][2] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
🔬 Właściwości zaawansowane

Identyfikatory chemiczne

SMILES: C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9)
InChIKey: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Data sources: CAMEO Chemicals, Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

Ostatnia aktualizacja: niepotwierdzona

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (2 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Density (ρ) · Prężność par · Współczynnik załamania światła (nD)
  2. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. ↗ dotyczy: Współczynnik załamania światła (nD)
Przegląd chemiczny: MelamineMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Wzór sumarycznyC3H6N6[1]
Masa cząsteczkowa126.12 g/mol[1]
Temperatura topnienia345 °C[1]
LogP (lipofilowość)-1.4[1]
Nazwa IUPAC1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synonimy: MELAMINE · 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine · 108-78-1 · Cyanuramide · Cyanurotriamide

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-09-21

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (1 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Wzór sumaryczny · Masa cząsteczkowa · Temperatura topnienia · LogP (lipofilowość) · Nazwa IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

BADANIA NAUKOWE

[1]PubMed2025
Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.
Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[2]Doaj2019
Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical…
Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[3]Doaj2018
Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure
Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cry
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[4]CrossRef2014
Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[5]PubMed2014
Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).
Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecu
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[6]CrossRef2012
Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand
Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[7]Doaj2010
Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF). (2010). "Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[8]PubMed2009
Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.
Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) 10 refs · 3 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live z 13+ baz)

Źródła: db:pubmed (5) · db:doaj (3) · db:crossref (3)

  1. db:pubmed Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7 →
  2. db:doaj Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402 →
  3. db:doaj Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265 →
  4. db:crossref Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6 →
  5. db:pubmed Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097 →
  6. db:crossref Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d →
  7. db:pubmed Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110 →
  8. db:crossref L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb →
  9. db:pubmed Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166 →
  10. db:pubmed Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091 →
Status regulacyjny substancji
Ta substancja podlega wymogom regulacyjnym: gospodarka odpadami niebezpiecznymi (BDO). Szczegoly w sekcji "Status regulacyjny (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" oraz na karcie SDS. Informacja regulacyjna — nie ogranicza zakupu w sklepie.
🧮 Kalkulator stechiometrycznyMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
108-78-1
Wzór sumaryczny
C3H6N6
Masa molowa
126.12 g/mol
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
SMILES
C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChIKey
JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Literatura naukowa (7 artykuł)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Ayman El-Faham, Kholood A. Dahlous, Zeid A. AL Othman et al. · (2016) · Molecules
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al. · (2014) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Filtruj:
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📈 Oś czasu publikacji
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

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⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.573

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identyfikatory zewnętrzneMolGod_EXTID_1
13 z 16 systemów ID81%
BazaIdentyfikatorAkcje
CAS Registry Number108-78-1Otwórz →
PubChem CID7955[1]Otwórz →
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Otwórz →
InChIInChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,…[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
EC Number203-615-4[2]Otwórz →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1231106[3]Otwórz →
KEGG CompoundC08737Otwórz →
HMDBHMDB0041922Otwórz →
ChemSpider7667[4]Otwórz →
UNII (FDA)N3GP2YSD88Otwórz →
NSC Number (NCI)2130Otwórz →
WikiData QIDQ212553Otwórz →

Źródła: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (4 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spektroskopia — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
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IR — Fourier-transform infrared

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Wlasciwosci strukturalneMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

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❓ Najczęstsze pytania (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 108-78-1?
108-78-1 (CAS 108-78-1) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Pomocne?
What is the CAS number of 108-78-1?
The CAS number for 108-78-1 is 108-78-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Pomocne?
How should 108-78-1 be stored?
108-78-1 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Pomocne?
➕ Zaproponuj pytanie
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Zrodlo: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 7955

🔄 Konwerter jednostek stężeń LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Wpisz stężenie Melamine w dowolnej jednostce — reszta obliczy się automatycznie.

MW: 126.12 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Wzory konwersji + cytacje (per formuła)
KonwersjaWzórDokładnośćŹródło
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 źródeł autorytatywnych)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Podobne struktury molekularneMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Ladowanie podobnych struktur...

Wyjasnienia naukoweMolGod_EDU3D_1

Automatycznie wygenerowane wyjasnienia na podstawie wlasciwosci molekularnych i oznaczen GHS. Zrodlo: dane PubChem + klasyfikacja CLP/GHS.

Cząsteczka silnie polarna

Ta czasteczka ma LogP = -1.40, co oznacza silna preferencje do fazy wodnej. Wynika to z obecnosci grup funkcyjnych zdolnych do tworzenia wiazan wodorowych (np. -OH, -NH2, -COOH). Substancja dobrze rozpuszcza sie w wodzie i rozpuszczalnikach polarnych.

Interpretacja na podstawie XLogP3 (PubChem)
🧪 Kreator przygotowania roztworu WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Wybierz stężenie
② Objętość docelowa
③ Rozpuszczalnik

Obliczenia wg: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chemia obliczeniowaMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Ladowanie danych obliczeniowych...

🛡️ Bezpieczeństwo — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Informacja o ograniczeniach danych. Informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa zawarte na tej stronie mają charakter informacyjny i nie zastępują pełnej karty charakterystyki (SDS). Przed użyciem produktu zapoznaj się z aktualną kartą charakterystyki producenta oraz wytycznymi GHS/CLP. Klasyfikacja CLP dotyczy czystej substancji bulk, nie preparatów handlowych.

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP — Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Uwaga (Warning)
GHS08 — Zagrożenie dla zdrowia
GHS08 Zagrożenie dla zdrowia

🚨 Zwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H)

  • H351 — Podejrzewa się, że powoduje raka
  • H373 — Może powodować uszkodzenie narządów poprzez długotrwałe lub powtarzane narażenie

🛡 Zwroty określające środki ostrożności (P)

  • P203 — Przed użyciem uzyskać, przeczytać i postępować zgodnie ze wszystkimi instrukcjami dotyczącymi bezpieczeństwa
  • P210 — Przechowywać z dala od źródeł ciepła, gorących powierzchni, źródeł iskrzenia, otwartego ognia i innych źródeł zapłonu. Nie palić

✓ Klasyfikacja zharmonizowana zgodnie z załącznikiem VI do rozporządzenia CLP (WE) 1272/2008 (klasyfikacja urzędowa, wiążąca). Numer indeksowy: 613-345-00-2.

Referencja (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — Grupa 2B: możliwie rakotwórczy dla ludzi. (Niezależna ocena dowodów rakotwórczości IARC/WHO — uzupełnia klasyfikację CLP powyżej.)
Referencja (Chicago): IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
Klasyfikacja z lokalnego wykazu MOL-GOD (snapshot) — niezweryfikowana względem bieżącej listy IARC. Zweryfikuj

Tłumaczenia: Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008, Załącznik III i IV. Dane: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Skonsolidowane referencje naukowe — Chicago Author-Date 10 źródeł

Referencje zebrane ze wszystkich zakładek Safety Hub. CAS: 108-78-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulacje
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Zakładki z własnymi referencjami (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) zawierają dodatkowe pozycje bibliograficzne wewnątrz swoich sekcji.

📈 Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: przecinek, spacja, tab, nowa linia. Min 3 pomiary.
📐 Formuły statystyczne
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — średnia arytmetyczna
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — wariancja próby
  • s = √s² — odchylenie standardowe
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — względne odchylenie
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test Grubbsa
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Kalkulator receptur buforów UNIKALNE
References: Wartości pKa z Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.

Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy

📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
Status farmakologiczny

Prekliniczny

Faza I
Faza II
Faza III
Dopuszczony

Przedkliniczny — brak danych z badań na ludziach.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1231106 ↗

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 Project Planner — Lab experiment manager NOWOŚĆ

Zaplanuj cały projekt laboratoryjny: dodaj eksperymenty z reagentami, powtórzeniami i czasem trwania. Otrzymasz wykres Gantta, listę zakupów (linki do sklepu!), budżet z 10% marginesem i macierz ryzyka GHS.

🧪 Rozpuszczalność i kompatybilność z solwentami MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekuła
Melamine
Wzór
C3H6N6
logP (XLogP3)
-1.40
Masa (g/mol)
126.12
Polarność
Hydrofilowa (polarna)

⚠️ Estymacja GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Brak danych literaturowych HSP dla tego CAS — precyzja ±2 MPa½. Weryfikuj eksperymentalnie.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Solwent Kompat. Ra Wizual GC-MS HPLC Zastosowania Referencje
Water (H₂O)3.2 g/L (pomiar)—
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone——brak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)——brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO——brak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF——brak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)——brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane——brak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentów (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria rozpuszczalności (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilności):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Kompletny tabularny zestaw 250+ rozpuszczalników (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 108-78-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Sprawdź kompatybilność reakcji MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
0 0 0
Zdrowie: 0/4
Palność: 0/4
Reaktywność: 0/4
Wg NFPA 704 / obliczone z H-codes

Sprawdź czy Melamine jest kompatybilny z innym odczynnikiem

📦 Matryca kompatybilności przechowywania
Kwasy Zasady Utleniacze Łatwopalne Toksyczne Gazy
Kwasy ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Zasady ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Utleniacze ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Łatwopalne ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toksyczne ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Można razem · ⚠ Ostrożnie · ✗ NIE przechowywać razem · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dane kompatybilności z: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Kalkulatory laboratoryjne (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Rozcieńczenie (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarność (M=n/V)
pH Bufor (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masa → Mole
Stężenie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formuły zweryfikowane: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator protokołu laboratoryjnego MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokół wygenerowany na podstawie: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generator etykiety (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Melamine• 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine / Theoharn• IUPAC: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine• CAS: 108-78-1• EC: 203-615-4• Wzór: C3H6N6• Masa: 126.12 g/molUWAGAZwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H):H351 H373P203 P210WYŁĄCZNIE DO CELÓW LABORATORYJNYCH!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

Wykres radarowy drug-likeness (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Strefa zielona = zgodność z kryteriami.

Dane predykcyjne — właściwości obliczone in silico (SMILES/RDKit). Nie zastępują badań klinicznych. Nie używaj do oceny leków bez weryfikacji eksperymentalnej.

MW126.1LogP-1.4HBD3HBA6RotB0TPSA117 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=126, LogP=-1.4)✗ REOS (MW=126)✗ Lead-like Ro3 (HBA=6)
WłaściwośćWartośćOcena
Wchłanianie (GI)wysokie✓
Przepuszczalność BBBnie
Biodostępność (Daina 2017)
55%
Profil CYP450CYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
Alerty PAINS0✓
Alerty Brenka0✓
pKa (pH 7.4)9 (predicted)
hERG (kardiotoks.)✓ nie
P-gp substrat—
Ames mutagenność✓ nie
DILI (wątrobok.)—
LogS (rozp. wod.)—
Źródła (metodologia ADMET)
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  22. Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  23. Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  24. Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  25. Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  26. Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  27. Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  28. L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  29. Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  30. Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
  31. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. [DOI ↗]
  32. Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
  33. Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
  34. Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
  35. Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
  36. Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
  37. Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
  38. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
  39. Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
  40. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  41. Bernard A. Olsen, Brian W. Pack. 2013. "Hydrophilic interaction chromatography." John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ↗
  42. ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency. ↗
  43. Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179. ↗
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP

Przykłady poniżej — kliknij żeby wstawić:
Gotowe przepisy:
📚 Przegląd literatury naukowej — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 10 publikacji
🏆 CAS 108-78-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al. (2019) · Molecules
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 11.51 Analityka Citations: 44 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #3
    Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al. (2012) · CrystEngComm
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 4.89 Mechanizm Citations: 26 DOI ↗
  3. #4
    Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev (2018) · Crystals
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 4.65 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #5
    Li YF, Jian FF (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 3.95 Mechanizm Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #6
    Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al. (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 3.85 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #7
    TRIETHYLENE-MELAMINE.
    (1955) · British medical journal
    Dlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon) · praca historyczna (1955)
    SCORE 2.25 Historyczna MUST-CITE
  7. #8
    L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter (2009)
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 1.6 Mechanizm DOI ↗
  8. #9
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE
    et al. (2010)
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0.8 Mechanizm
  9. #10
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE.
    et al. (2010)
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0.8 Mechanizm
🔬 HPLC — metody i parametry — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 Metody HPLC/GC (1 metoda)
📄
HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application
HPLCBMC Chemistry202390% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Kolumna: C8, 5 μm
Faza: and sample was carried out using 0.45 mm MS® Nylon membrane filters…
Detekcja: UV 250 nm
Przepływ: 1.20 mL/min
Temp.: 40.0 °C
Inj.: 0 μL
Gradient: elution, which had been previously used for these drugs
Bahgat E, Hashem H, Saleh H, Kamel E, Eissa M. HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application. BMC Chemistry. 2023;17:18. doi:10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
BackgroundGliflozins and gliptins are two distinct groups of pharmacological drugs that reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes in various ways that may perform their functions harmoniously. Trijardy® tablet, which contains empagliflozin, linagliptin, and metformin, was recently approved. The scientific database does not yet have a method that is sensitive enough to quantify the aforementioned medications in the presence of metformin official toxic impurities melamine and cyanoguanidine. Molecular docking modeling was utilized in this work to further prove the toxicity of melamine.MethodsThe five analytes listed before were quantified using RP-HPLC-diode array detector and a Zorbax® C8 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, which had been treated by ?-phosphoric acid to restore a pH of 4.0 (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and the eluted peaks were scanned at 250 nm.ConclusionThe utilization of the simplest isocratic elution mode give the current technique a significant time-and cost-saving benefit. The current method can quantify the triple therapy agents in the presence of each other as well as with two official toxic impurities of metformin in one short analytical run.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0.
EmpagliflozinLinagliptinMolecular dockingToxic impurities
📈 Walidacja metody (ICH Q2)

Brak danych walidacyjnych. Skontaktuj się z autorem metody.

Parametry wg: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Troubleshooting HPLC/GC
Szerokie piki / tailing
Przyczyny: Zużyta kolumna, złe pH fazy, przeciążenie kolumny, dead volume
Rozwiązanie: Wymień kolumnę, sprawdź pH buforu (±0.2), zmniejsz objętość nastrzyku, sprawdź połączenia
Dryft linii bazowej
Przyczyny: Zanieczyszczona faza ruchoma, gradient, temperatura niestabilna
Rozwiązanie: Odgazuj fazę, filtruj 0.22 µm, stabilizuj temperaturę kolumny, przemyj system
Brak piku
Przyczyny: Zła długość fali, substancja nie eluuje, rozkład termiczny, zła faza
Rozwiązanie: Sprawdź λmax, wydłuż gradient, obniż temperaturę, zmień fazę ruchomą
Piki duchów (ghost peaks)
Przyczyny: Zanieczyszczenie systemu, carry-over, zanieczyszczone fiolki
Rozwiązanie: Wyczyść system (MeOH/H₂O), użyj nowych fiolek, wstrzyknij blank
Niski odzysk
Przyczyny: Adsorpcja na ściankach, niedostateczna ekstrakcja, rozkład
Rozwiązanie: Dodaj IS, silanizuj szkło, zoptymalizuj ekstrakcję, sprawdź stabilność

Źródła: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

Kompletny przewodnik po metodzie HPLC Recenzowane

Scenariusze specyficzne dla cząsteczki, rozwiązywanie problemów i odniesienia literaturowe

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 108-78-1) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
-2.3 min
Range: 0.5 – -2.99
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.964 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Prawdziwy problem chemika

Dissolving the sample — in what?

Standard in an ampoule. Dissolve it in water? ACN? Methanol? The protocol does not say. The wrong solvent → smeared peaks.

Jak to rozwiązujemy

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

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Kalkulator interaktywny

Deep Education

Zrozumieć chemię fazy ruchomej

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=126.12, CAS 108-78-1) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Stability studies — forced degradation

5 degradation conditions (acidic / alkaline / oxidation / light / temperature). You must separate all degradation products.

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.
Lesson learned (Student MSc, UW, 2024-10):
Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=126.12 (CAS 108-78-1) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Detection Gotcha

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.
Lesson learned (Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW, 2024-11-15):
ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Multiplexing 4 HPLC in parallel

4 Waters Arc in series. 1 autosampler. How to synchronise the sequences to extract max throughput?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (CAS 108-78-1) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analiza powypadkowa — prawdziwe historie porażek Wnioski

Prawdziwe wpadki chemików — co się stało, co pomogło, czego unikać.

Ghost peaks w ostatnim dniu stability

Dr. Tomasz W., PhD pharmaceutical 2024-08-22 Poziom 4/5
Co się stało:

Day 90 stability pull. 6 batch × 2 repeats. W próbce widzę duplikaty peaków z poprzedniego dnia. OOS opened. 4 dni investigation. Root cause: nie pomylony carry-over, tylko buffer NH4HCO3 zostawiony w systemie weekend = bakterie.

💡 Lekcja:

NIGDY nie zostawiaj buforu w systemie >3 dni. Zawsze flush z 80% ACN/20% H2O przed weekendem. Koszt lekcji: 4 dni pracy + 3 batch release delay.

Method transfer from Warsaw to Krakow failed

R&D team, 2 sites 2025-09-18 Poziom 5/5
Co się stało:

At first we ran it in the Warsaw lab. Transfer to Kraków: every Rt shifted +0.8 min, Rs borderline at 1.9-2.1. Investigation: buffers from different manufacturers (Merck vs Sigma-Aldrich) differed by 0.2 in pH. 6 weeks of transfer revalidation.

💡 Lekcja:

Transfer requires a SPEC for the buffer (manufacturer, grade, LOT). Not just „NH4HCO3 10 mM pH 7.0". Run a preliminary system suitability on the new instrument before the full transfer.

Ask about this method

Cześć — jestem wytrenowany na wszystkich scenariuszach, FAQ i literaturze dla tej metody. Zapytaj mnie o cokolwiek.

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Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 108-78-1). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
Toluene
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Phthalic anhydride (MA)
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Ethyl ether
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LABSA 96%
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Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 Certyfikaty Analiz (CoA) CAS 108-78-1 brak MolGod_COA_2

Brak certyfikatów dla tego produktu w bazie.

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

Standardy zarządzania batchami i certyfikacji laboratoryjnej — 13 niezależnych źródeł (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

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📜 Patenty (publiczne metadane) brak danych MolGod_PATENT_2

Aktualnie nie znaleziono publicznych metadanych patentowych dla tej substancji w Crossref / OpenAlex. Dane uzupełnimy automatycznie po odświeżeniu cache (24h).

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
  1. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1.
  2. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1.
  3. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2.
  4. Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1.
  5. Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01.
  6. Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  7. Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  8. Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  9. Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  10. Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  11. Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  12. Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  13. L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  14. Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  15. Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
  16. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  17. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  18. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  19. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  20. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  21. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  22. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  23. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  24. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  25. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  26. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  27. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/108-78-1?status=active&limit=10

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
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📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 122 items

Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 108-78-1. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 108-78-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=108-78-1.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 108-78-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 108-78-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=108-78-1.

📐 Standardy / Wytyczne

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
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📖 Książki

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monografie

  1. IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.

📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
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