Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical

Melamine

Melamine

CAS 108-78-1 EC 203-615-4 C3H6N6 Precursor CLP Warning
IARC Groupe 2B — Peut-être cancérogène pour l'homme
CAS: 108-78-1 | Source IARC
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 23.09.2026

Specification

Product NameMelamine
Other NamesMelamine
CAS No.108-78-1
EINECS No.203-615-4
MFC3H6N6
Molecular weight126.12
Purity99%
Appearancewhite crystal
Density1.573
Melting point>300 °C
Boiling point224.22°C
flash (ing) point>110°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Warning

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H351 Suspected of causing cancer
  • H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Precautionary statements (2)
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking

European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Packaging and shipping

Drum25kg
IBC Drum100kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Melamine
Melamine
Melamine

The core value of melamine stems from its unique molecular structure. Its wide application is based on the following characteristics:
High nitrogen content (approximately 66%): This makes it an ideal raw material for manufacturing efficient nitrogen-based flame retardants. It achieves vapor-phase flame retardancy by releasing inert gases during combustion.
High reactivity: The molecule contains three active amino groups, which can undergo condensation reactions with formaldehyde and other substances, serving as the foundation for manufacturing melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF resin). This resin exhibits excellent hardness, wear resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation properties. Environmental protection features: As an important intermediate material for the production of high-performance polycarboxylate superplasticizers, it helps the concrete industry achieve green and high-performance development.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applicationsMelamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional chemical supply chain service provider, leveraging its profound understanding of the chemical industry chain and stable resource channels, offers customers high-quality industrial-grade melamine products and market solutions. Melamine is an important nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound, characterized by its high nitrogen content, high reactivity, and excellent physical and chemical properties. It serves as the core raw material for the production of high-end resins, environmentally friendly water-reducing agents, flame-retardant materials, and decorative panels, playing a crucial role in modern building materials, textile, automotive, and coating industries.

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Delivery&Payment method

Melamine, high-performance chemical intermediate solution, providing admixtures, paper and leather, special materials and other applications

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Melamine shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (25kg), IBC Drum (100kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Melamine?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Melamine

Related products

🧬 Visualiseur de molécule 3D
Chargement de la molécule...
Modèle 3D Melamine, CAS 108-78-1, formule brute C3H6N6, masse molaire 126.12 g/mol

Données transcrites à partir de registres réglementaires et de la littérature spécialisée, avec indication de la source et de l'édition. Elles ne remplacent pas la fiche de données de sécurité du fournisseur. Les champs sans source enregistrée sont signalés comme tels.

📊 Données physicochimiques — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Propriétés physicochimiques

Aperçu rapide

Formule : C3H6N6
MW : 126.12 g/mol
CAS : 108-78-1
Aspect : Monoclinic prisms

Propriétés détaillées

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

Propriété Valeur Unité Conditions Source
Masse volumique (ρ) 1.573 at 16.1 °C (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Point de fusion (mp) 345 °C (decomposes) (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Point d'ébullition (bp) Sublimes (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Pression de vapeur 50 mmHg at 315 °C (NTP, 1992)[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Solubilité dans l'eau less than 1 mg/mL at 22.2 °C (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Indice de réfraction (nD) Index of refraction: 1.872 at 20 degC/D[1][2] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
🔬 Propriétés avancées

Identifiants chimiques

SMILES: C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9)
InChIKey: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Sources de données : CAMEO Chemicals, Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

Dernière mise à jour : non confirmée

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (2 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Masse volumique (ρ) · Pression de vapeur · Indice de réfraction (nD)
  2. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. dotyczy: Indice de réfraction (nD)
Aperçu chimique: MelamineMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formule bruteC3H6N6[1]
Masse moléculaire126.12 g/mol[1]
Point de fusion345 °C[1]
LogP (lipophilie)-1.4[1]
Nom IUPAC1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synonymes: MELAMINE · 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine · 108-78-1 · Cyanuramide · Cyanurotriamide

Sources de données : PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Dernière mise à jour : 2026-09-21

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Formule brute · Masse moléculaire · Point de fusion · LogP (lipophilie) · Nom IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

[1]PubMed2025
Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/
[2]Doaj2019
Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical
[3]Doaj2018
Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cry
[4]CrossRef2014
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.
[5]PubMed2014
Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecu
[6]CrossRef2012
Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https
[7]Doaj2010
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF). (2010). "Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed
[8]PubMed2009
Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) 10 refs · 3 baz

MOLECULE Bibliographie par CAS (en direct depuis 13+ bases de données)

Sources : db:pubmed (5) · db:doaj (3) · db:crossref (3)

  1. db:pubmed Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  2. db:doaj Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  3. db:doaj Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  4. db:crossref Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  5. db:pubmed Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  6. db:crossref Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  7. db:pubmed Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  8. db:crossref L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  9. db:pubmed Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  10. db:pubmed Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
Statut réglementaire de la substance
Cette substance est soumise à des exigences réglementaires : gestion des déchets dangereux (BDO). Détails dans la section « Statut réglementaire (REACH/ECHA/CLP) » et sur la FDS. Information réglementaire — ne restreint pas l'achat dans la boutique.
🧮 Calculateur stœchiométriqueMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Données chimiquesMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numéro CAS
108-78-1
Formule brute
C3H6N6
Masse molaire
126.12 g/mol
Nom IUPAC (EN)
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
SMILES
C1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N
InChIKey
JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Scientific literature (7 articles)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Ayman El-Faham, Kholood A. Dahlous, Zeid A. AL Othman et al. · (2016) · Molecules
Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al. · (2014) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Filtrer :
Trier :
📈 Chronologie des publications
2010
2012
2014
2016
2019
2022
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.573

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identifiants externesMolGod_EXTID_1
13 sur 16 systèmes d'ID81%
Base de donnéesIdentifiantActions
CAS Registry Number108-78-1Ouvrir →
PubChem CID7955[1]Ouvrir →
InChIKeyJDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Ouvrir →
InChIInChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,…[1]
SMILESC1(=NC(=NC(=N1)N)N)N[1]
EC Number203-615-4[2]Ouvrir →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1231106[3]Ouvrir →
KEGG CompoundC08737Ouvrir →
HMDBHMDB0041922Ouvrir →
ChemSpider7667[4]Ouvrir →
UNII (FDA)N3GP2YSD88Ouvrir →
NSC Number (NCI)2130Ouvrir →
WikiData QIDQ212553Ouvrir →

Sources : PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliographie (étendue) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Bases de données de spectres spectroscopiques — données inline 9 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Les spectres sont récupérés à la demande depuis 9 sources. Chaque spectre est enregistré dans notre base — la prochaine ouverture = zéro requête vers l'API externe. Téléchargez JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG pour chaque spectre sans avoir à chercher.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
points
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org
🔬 Spectres interactifs (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Données récupérées en direct depuis plusieurs sources (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibles au téléchargement sous chaque spectre. ⓘ Source unique ★★☆☆☆

IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier

Chargement de IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier…

MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)

Chargement de MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)…

Propriétés structurellesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Chargement des données structurelles...

❓ Questions fréquentes (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 108-78-1?
108-78-1 (CAS 108-78-1) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile ?
What is the CAS number of 108-78-1?
The CAS number for 108-78-1 is 108-78-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile ?
How should 108-78-1 be stored?
108-78-1 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
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➕ Proposer une question
Télécharger les fichiers de structureMolGod_STRDL_1

Fichiers de structure moléculaire issus de la base PubChem (NIH). Compatibles avec les logiciels : Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Source : PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 7955

🔄 Convertisseur d'unités de concentration LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Saisissez la concentration Melamine dans n'importe quelle unité — le reste sera calculé automatiquement.

MW : 126.12 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formules de conversion + citations (par formule)
ConversionFormulePrécisionSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 sources faisant autorité)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Structures moléculaires similairesMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Chargement des structures similaires...

🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Sélectionnez la concentration
② Volume cible
③ Solvant

Calculs selon : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chimie computationnelleMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Chargement des données de calcul...

🛡️ Sécurité — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avis sur les limitations des données. Les informations de sécurité figurant sur cette page sont fournies à titre indicatif et ne remplacent pas une fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) complète. Avant d'utiliser le produit, consultez la fiche de données de sécurité actuelle du fabricant ainsi que les directives GHS/CLP. La classification CLP s'applique à la substance pure en vrac, et non aux préparations commerciales.

Classification GHS/CLP — Règlement (CE) n° 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Attention (Warning)
GHS08 — Danger pour la santé
GHS08 Danger pour la santé

🚨 Mentions de danger (H)

  • H351 — Susceptible de provoquer le cancer.
  • H373 — Risque présumé d'effets graves pour les organes à la suite d'expositions répétées ou d'une exposition prolongée.

🛡 Conseils de prudence (P)

  • P203 — Se procurer, lire et suivre toutes les instructions de sécurité avant l’utilisation.
  • P210 — Tenir à l'écart de la chaleur, des surfaces chaudes, des étincelles, des flammes nues et de toute autre source d'inflammation. Ne pas fumer.

✓ Classification harmonisée conformément à l'annexe VI du règlement CLP (CE) 1272/2008 (classification officielle, contraignante). Numéro d'index : 613-345-00-2.

Référence (Chicago) : European Chemicals Agency. "1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine; melamine, Index No. 613-345-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — Groupe 2B: peut-être cancérogène pour l'homme. (Évaluation indépendante des preuves de cancérogénicité par l'IARC/OMS — complète la classification CLP ci-dessus.)
Référence (Chicago) : IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
Classification issue de la liste locale MOL-GOD (snapshot) — non vérifiée par rapport à la liste IARC actuelle. Vérifier

Traductions : Règlement CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Annexe III et IV. Données : PubChem/NLM.

📚 Références scientifiques consolidées — Chicago auteur-date 10 sources

Références collectées dans tous les onglets du Safety Hub. CAS : 108-78-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Réglementations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Les onglets possédant leurs propres références (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contiennent des entrées bibliographiques supplémentaires au sein de leurs sections respectives.

📈 Statistiques analytiques (test t · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Collez une série de mesures répétées (CSV ou un nombre par ligne). Le calculateur calculera la moyenne, l'écart-type, l'IC à 95 %, et détectera les valeurs aberrantes (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Séparateur : virgule, espace, tabulation, nouvelle ligne. Min. 3 mesures.
📐 Formules statistiques
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — moyenne arithmétique
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — variance de l'échantillon
  • s = √s² — écart-type
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — écart-type relatif
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test de Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source : ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calculateur de recettes de tampons UNIQUE
Références : Valeurs de pKa issues de Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Choisissez un tampon dans la liste de 20 systèmes courants → saisissez le pH cible → vous obtiendrez une recette exacte avec les masses à peser.

Étape 1 : Choisissez un système tampon

📜 Historique des recettes (10 dernières)
Statut pharmacologique

Prekliniczny

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approuvé

Préclinique — aucune donnée issue d'études sur l'homme.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1231106 ↗

Bibliographie (étendue) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 Project Planner — Gestionnaire d'expériences de laboratoire NOUVEAU

Planifiez l'ensemble de votre projet de laboratoire : ajoutez des expériences avec réactifs, réplicats et durée. Vous obtiendrez un diagramme de Gantt, une liste d'achats (avec des liens vers la boutique !), un budget avec une marge de 10 % et une matrice de risques GHS.

🧪 Solubilité et compatibilité avec les solvants MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molécule
Melamine
Formule
C3H6N6
logP (XLogP3)
-1.40
Masse (g/mol)
126.12
Polarité
Hydrophile (polaire)

⚠️ Estimation GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Aucune donnée HSP de la littérature pour ce CAS — précision ±2 MPa½. À vérifier expérimentalement.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Solvant Compat. Ra Visuel GC-MS HPLC Applications Références
Water (H₂O)3.2 g/L (pomiar)
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonebrak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSObrak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFbrak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanebrak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenebrak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Références scientifiques pour les solvants (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Théorie de la solubilité (appliquée à la prédiction de la compatibilité) :
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Triplet HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formule Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Ensemble tabulaire complet de 250+ solvants (ε, μ, donicité, nombres accepteurs).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 108-78-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliographie complète dans l'accordéon RÉFÉRENCES (en bas de la page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Vérifier la compatibilité de la réaction MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
0 0 0
Santé : 0/4
Inflammabilité : 0/4
Réactivité : 0/4
Selon NFPA 704 / calculé à partir des codes H

Vérifiez si Melamine est compatible avec un autre réactif

📦 Matrice de compatibilité de stockage
Acides Bases Oxydants Inflammable Toxique Gazy
Acides
Bases
Oxydants
Inflammable
Toxique
Gazy
✓ Stockage commun possible · ⚠ Prudence · ✗ NE PAS stocker ensemble · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Données de compatibilité issues de : Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Calculateurs de laboratoire (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarité (M=n/V)
Tampon pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Température C↔F↔K

Formules vérifiées : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bases de spectres spectroscopiques MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Générateur de protocole de laboratoire MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocole généré à partir de : GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Générateur d'étiquette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Melamine• 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine / Theoharn• IUPAC: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine• CAS: 108-78-1• EC: 203-615-4• Formule: C3H6N6• Masse: 126.12 g/molATTENTIONMENTIONS DE DANGER GHS :H351 H373P203 P210Réservé à un usage en laboratoire !Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

Diagramme radar de drug-likeness (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Zone verte = conformité aux critères.

Données prédictives — propriétés calculées in silico (SMILES/RDKit). Elles ne remplacent pas les études cliniques. Ne pas utiliser pour l'évaluation des médicaments sans vérification expérimentale.

MW126.1LogP-1.4HBD3HBA6RotB0TPSA117 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=126, LogP=-1.4)✗ REOS (MW=126)✗ Lead-like Ro3 (HBA=6)
PropriétéValeurÉvaluation
Absorption (GI)élevée
Perméabilité BHEnon
Biodisponibilité (Daina 2017)
55%
CYP450 profileCYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
Alertes PAINS0
Alertes Brenk0
pKa (pH 7.4)9 (predicted)
hERG (cardiotox.)✓ non
Substrat de la P-gp
Mutagénicité Ames✓ non
DILI (hépatotox.)
LogS (solub. aq.)
Sources (méthodologie ADMET)
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. Kwatra N, Abraham J. (2025). "Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.". Archives of microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-025-04525-7
  22. Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al.. (2019). "Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071402
  23. Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev. (2018). "Evolution of Interatomic and Intermolecular Interactions and Polymorphism of Melamine at High Pressure". Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070265
  24. Ionut Ledeti, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase et al.. (2014). "Thermal decomposition, kinetic study and evolved gas analysis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3848-6
  25. Sangeetha V, Govindarajan M, Kanagathara N et al.. (2014). "Vibrational, DFT, thermal and dielectric studies on 3-nitrophenol-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2/1).". Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.097
  26. Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al.. (2012). "Supramolecular architectures based on various macrocyclic metallic tectons with 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine hexaacetic acid ligand". CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06494d
  27. Massoud AS, Langer V. (2009). "Bis(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine-kappaN(1))silver(I) nitrate.". Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270109013110
  28. L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter. (2009). "Crystal structure of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Trypanosoma brucei in ternary complex with cofactor (NADP+) and inhibitor 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (AX2)". https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb3jqf/pdb
  29. Li YF, Jian FF. (2008). "N,N,N,N,N,N-Hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808025166
  30. Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al.. (2008). "2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-diium aqua-penta-fluoridoaluminate.". Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808004091
  31. Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. [DOI ↗]
  32. Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
  33. Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
  34. Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
  35. Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
  36. Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
  37. Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
  38. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
  39. Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
  40. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  41. Bernard A. Olsen, Brian W. Pack. 2013. "Hydrophilic interaction chromatography." John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
  42. ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency.
  43. Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179.
🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Saisissez ce que vous souhaitez préparer — je générerai un SOP

Exemples ci-dessous — cliquez pour insérer :
Recettes prédéfinies :
📚 Aperçu de la littérature scientifique — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Principales découvertes (littérature scientifique) 10 publications
🏆 CAS 108-78-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% actualité · 20% thème · 15% historique · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Justyna Grabska, Krzysztof B. Beć, Christian G. Kirchler et al. (2019) · Molecules
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 11.51 Analytique Citations: 44 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #3
    Xiang Jiang, Bo Tao, Hua Xia et al. (2012) · CrystEngComm
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 4.89 Mécanisme Citations: 26 DOI ↗
  3. #4
    Hannah Shelton, Przemyslaw Dera, Sergey Tkachev (2018) · Crystals
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 4.65 Mécanisme Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #5
    Li YF, Jian FF (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 3.95 Mécanisme Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #6
    Cadiau A, Hemon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M et al. (2008) · Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 3.85 Mécanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #7
    TRIETHYLENE-MELAMINE.
    (1955) · British medical journal
    Pourquoi c'est important : Citation obligatoire (canon) · article historique (1955)
    SCORE 2.25 Historique MUST-CITE
  7. #8
    L.B. Tulloch, W.N. Hunter (2009)
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 1.6 Mécanisme DOI ↗
  8. #9
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE
    et al. (2010)
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 0.8 Mécanisme
  9. #10
    NOVEL SALT OF 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4,6-TRIAMINE DERIVATIVE.
    et al. (2010)
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 0.8 Mécanisme
🔬 HPLC — méthodes et paramètres — CAS 108-78-1MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 Méthodes HPLC/GC (1 metoda)
📄
HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application
HPLCBMC Chemistry202390% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Colonne : C8, 5 μm
Phase : and sample was carried out using 0.45 mm MS® Nylon membrane filters…
Détection : UV 250 nm
Débit : 1.20 mL/min
Temp. : 40.0 °C
Inj.: 0 μL
Gradient: elution, which had been previously used for these drugs
Bahgat E, Hashem H, Saleh H, Kamel E, Eissa M. HPLC-DAD technique for the quantification of a recently approved anti-diabetic triple combination along with two toxic official impurities: Toxicity confirmation aided by molecular docking application. BMC Chemistry. 2023;17:18. doi:10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0
BackgroundGliflozins and gliptins are two distinct groups of pharmacological drugs that reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes in various ways that may perform their functions harmoniously. Trijardy® tablet, which contains empagliflozin, linagliptin, and metformin, was recently approved. The scientific database does not yet have a method that is sensitive enough to quantify the aforementioned medications in the presence of metformin official toxic impurities melamine and cyanoguanidine. Molecular docking modeling was utilized in this work to further prove the toxicity of melamine.MethodsThe five analytes listed before were quantified using RP-HPLC-diode array detector and a Zorbax® C8 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, which had been treated by ?-phosphoric acid to restore a pH of 4.0 (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and the eluted peaks were scanned at 250 nm.ConclusionThe utilization of the simplest isocratic elution mode give the current technique a significant time-and cost-saving benefit. The current method can quantify the triple therapy agents in the presence of each other as well as with two official toxic impurities of metformin in one short analytical run.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-023-00927-0.
EmpagliflozinLinagliptinMolecular dockingToxic impurities
📈 Validation de la méthode (ICH Q2)

Aucune donnée de validation. Contactez l'auteur de la méthode.

Paramètres selon : ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Dépannage HPLC/GC
Pics larges / traînée
Causes : Colonne usée, mauvais pH de la phase, surcharge de la colonne, volume mort
Solution : Remplacer la colonne, vérifier le pH du tampon (±0.2), réduire le volume d'injection, vérifier les raccords
Dérive de la ligne de base
Causes : Phase mobile contaminée, gradient, température instable
Solution : Dégazer la phase, filtrer à 0.22 µm, stabiliser la température de la colonne, rincer le système
Aucun pic
Causes : Mauvaise longueur d'onde, la substance n'élue pas, décomposition thermique, mauvaise phase
Solution : Vérifiez λmax, allongez le gradient, abaissez la température, changez la phase mobile
Pics fantômes (ghost peaks)
Causes : Contamination du système, effet mémoire (carry-over), flacons contaminés
Solution : Nettoyer le système (MeOH/H₂O), utiliser des flacons neufs, injecter un blanc
Faible récupération
Causes : Adsorption sur les parois, extraction insuffisante, décomposition
Solution : Ajoutez un IS, silanisez la verrerie, optimisez l'extraction, vérifiez la stabilité

Sources : Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

Guide complet de la méthode HPLC Évalué par les pairs

Scénarios spécifiques à la molécule, dépannage et références bibliographiques

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 108-78-1) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
-2.3 min
Range: 0.5 – -2.99
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.964 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Vrai problème de chimiste

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

Comment nous résolvons cela

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Calculateur interactif

Deep Education

Comprendre la chimie de la phase mobile

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika
Total/quarter

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter
Guards / quarter
Downtime wymiany (h)
Total/quarter

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift
Shifts potrzebnych
Koszt pracy
Savings
Total annual savings:

Questions fréquemment posées

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=126.12, CAS 108-78-1) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Incorrect integration — publication rejected

Submission to JPBA. Reviewer 2: „Peak at 12.4 min shows manual integration, but baseline slope suggests co-elution". I had to revalidate the whole method. 3 months of delay.
Lesson learned (Kasia M., PhD Analytical Chemistry, UJ, 2025-06-03):
Manual integration = a red flag for reviewers. Solve CO-ELUTION in methods dev, not in integration. Optimise the gradient instead of force-fitting the peak.

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Slope (Δ%B/min)
Gradient volume (mL)
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Questions fréquemment posées

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

Pressure too high — what next?

Pressure rises to 400 bar (max 300 for this column). The system is blaring an alarm. Do you shut the pump down? Yes/no?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Questions fréquemment posées

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=126.12 (CAS 108-78-1) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Detection Gotcha

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.
Lesson learned (Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW, 2024-11-15):
ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.
Lesson learned (Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company, 2025-02-10):
The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Questions fréquemment posées

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (CAS 108-78-1) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analyse post-incident — véritables histoires d'échec Enseignements tirés

Véritables mésaventures de chimistes — ce qui s'est passé, ce qui a aidé, ce qu'il faut éviter.

Ghost peaks w ostatnim dniu stability

Dr. Tomasz W., PhD pharmaceutical 2024-08-22 Poziom 4/5
Ce qui s'est passé :

Day 90 stability pull. 6 batch × 2 repeats. W próbce widzę duplikaty peaków z poprzedniego dnia. OOS opened. 4 dni investigation. Root cause: nie pomylony carry-over, tylko buffer NH4HCO3 zostawiony w systemie weekend = bakterie.

💡 Lekcja:

NIGDY nie zostawiaj buforu w systemie >3 dni. Zawsze flush z 80% ACN/20% H2O przed weekendem. Koszt lekcji: 4 dni pracy + 3 batch release delay.

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

Student MSc, UW 2024-10 Poziom 2/5
Ce qui s'est passé :

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

💡 Lekcja:

Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Ask about this method

Bonjour — je suis entraîné sur tous les scénarios, la FAQ et la littérature de cette méthode. Demandez-moi ce que vous voulez.

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 108-78-1). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
Toluene
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Phthalic anhydride (MA)
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Ethyl ether
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LABSA 96%
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 Certificats d'analyse (CoA) CAS 108-78-1 aucun MolGod_COA_2

Aucun certificat pour ce produit dans la base de données.

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

Normes de gestion des lots et de certification en laboratoire — 13 sources indépendantes (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [lien ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [lien ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [lien ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [lien ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [lien ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [lien ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [lien ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [lien ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [lien ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [lien ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [lien ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [lien ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [lien ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
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Bibliographie (étendue) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v2/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Review for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/review2. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. 2025. "Decision letter for "Bio-inspired polypyrrole nanowire arrays on melamine foam with high-performance photo/electro-thermal conversion for all-weather cleanup of crude oil.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta09132a/v1/decision1. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 LIBRE ❓ non vérifié Anonymous. "Melamine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r1423_01_01. lien [consulté: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
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📚 RÉFÉRENCES (Bibliographie agrégée, Chicago Author-Date) 122 éléments

Toutes les sources scientifiques citées dans les accordéons ci-dessus pour le CAS 108-78-1. Format : Chicago Manual of Style, 17e éd., système Auteur-Date.

🗄️ Bases de données scientifiques

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 108-78-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=108-78-1.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 108-78-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 108-78-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=108-78-1.

📐 Normes / Lignes directrices

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Livres

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monographies

  1. IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-78-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.

📄 Articles scientifiques (évalués par les pairs)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Sites web

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. ECHA — Zalacznik VI do CLP (klasyfikacja zharmonizowana, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
  10. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  11. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  12. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  13. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  14. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  15. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  16. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  17. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.
  18. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  19. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  20. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  21. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  22. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  23. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  24. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  25. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  26. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  27. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  28. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  29. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  30. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  31. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  32. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  33. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  34. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  35. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2-R2_Document_Step4_Guideline_2023_1101.pdf.
  36. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  37. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  38. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  39. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  40. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  41. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  42. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  43. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  44. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  45. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  46. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  47. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  48. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  49. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  50. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  51. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  52. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
  53. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  54. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download.
  55. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
  56. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
  57. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954.
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