Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical
Ethanol, CAS 64-17-5 — chemical product label

Ethanol

Ethyl Alcohol

CAS 64-17-5 EC 200-578-6 C2H6O Precursor CLP Danger
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v2 · 23.09.2026

Specification

Product NameEthanol
Other NamesEthyl Alcohol
CAS No.64-17-5
EINECS No.200-578-6
MFC2H6O
Molecular weight46.07
Purity≥75%/96%/99%
AppearanceColorless liquid
Density0.789
Melting point-114 °C
Boiling point78 °C
Flashing point12 °C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS02 — Flammable

Danger

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapour
Precautionary statements (3)
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking
  • P240 Ground and bond container and receiving equipment
  • P241 Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment

European Chemicals Agency. "ethanol; ethyl alcohol, Index No. 603-002-00-5." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Packaging and shipping

Drum160 kg
IBC Drum1000L
ISO tank20–24m³
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol

Ethanol is a widely used organic solvent and chemical intermediate, recognized for its excellent solubility, volatility, and compatibility across multiple industrial applications. It is extensively utilized in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, coatings, inks, disinfectants, and fuel blending.

High Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical ApplicationsHigh Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical ApplicationsHigh Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Applications

High Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Applications

Product Description

From a procurement perspective, high-purity ethanol ensures stable formulation performance, consistent quality control, and compliance with international standards. It serves as a critical raw material for manufacturers seeking reliable solvent performance, efficient processing, and scalable production outcomes.

With a stable supply chain, flexible packaging options, and strict quality assurance protocols, ethanol remains a cost-effective and essential solution for global B2B buyers in the chemical and manufacturing sectors.

High Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Applications

High Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Applications

Delivery&Payment method

High Purity Ethanol for Industrial, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Applications

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Ethanol shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (160 kg), IBC Drum (1000L), ISO tank (20–24m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Ethanol?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is ≥75%/96%/99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Ethanol

Isopropyl alcohol grades for cleanrooms

Why cleanrooms specify isopropyl alcohol, which grade and paperwork to demand, and why 1-propanol shares its formula but…

Article

Diethylene glycol: uses and the identity risk

Diethylene glycol (CAS 111-46-6): industrial uses, and the substitution risk that makes substance identity worth testing.

Article

Propylene glycol: why the grade decides everything

One CAS number covers the propylene glycol that goes into de-icing fluid and the propylene glycol that goes…

Article

Methylpropanediol (MPO): what it is and where it fits

MPO is a branched liquid diol used where a polyester or polyurethane needs better hydrolytic stability, and where…

Article

Related products

Maleic anhydride

Maleic anhydride

MA

CAS 108-31-6 99.5% Precursor SDS Danger
2-Butanone

2-Butanone

MEK

CAS 78-93-3 99.5% Precursor Danger
Methylene Chloride

Methylene Chloride

MC

CAS 75-09-2 99.9% Precursor SDS Warning
🧬 3D-Molekül-Visualisierer
Molekül wird geladen...
3D-Modell Etanol, CAS 64-17-5, Summenformel C2H6O, molare Masse 46.07 g/mol

Daten transkribiert aus regulatorischen Registern und Fachliteratur, unter Angabe von Quelle und Ausgabe. Sie ersetzen nicht das Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Lieferanten. Felder ohne hinterlegte Quelle sind als solche gekennzeichnet.

📊 Physikochemische Daten — CAS 64-17-5MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Physikochemische Eigenschaften

Kurzübersicht

Formel: C2H6O
MW: 46.07 g/mol
CAS: 64-17-5
Aussehen: Klare, farblose, sehr bewegliche Flüssigkeit
Geruch: Angenehm

Detaillierte Eigenschaften

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

Eigenschaft Wert Einheit Bedingungen Quelle
Viskosität (η) 1.074 mPa.s at 25 °C[1] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
Brechungsindex (nD) 1.3614[2] 20 °C, D-line Yaws Handbook 2nd ed. (2014)
🔬 Erweiterte Eigenschaften

Chemische Kennungen

SMILES: CCO
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
InChIKey: LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Datenquellen: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Yaws Handbook 2nd ed. (2014)

Zuletzt aktualisiert: unbestätigt

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (2 Quellen)
  1. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. ↗ dotyczy: Viskosität (η)
  2. Yaws, C.L. Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (Gulf Professional Publishing), 2014. dotyczy: Brechungsindex (nD)
Chemische Übersicht: EtanolMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
SummenformelC2H6O
Molekulargewicht46.07 g/mol
Schmelzpunkt-114.14 °C[1]
Siedepunkt78.29 °C (760 mmHg)[1]
Dichte0.7893 g/cm³[1]
LogP (Lipophilie)-0.31
pKa15.9
SMILESCCO

Synonyme: Alcohol · Ethyl alcohol

Datenquellen: PubChem (NLM/NIH), Yaws Handbook 2nd ed. (2014)
Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2026-09-21

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (1 Quellen)
  1. Yaws, C.L. Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (Gulf Professional Publishing), 2014. dotyczy: Schmelzpunkt · Siedepunkt · Dichte

WISSENSCHAFTLICHE FORSCHUNG

[1]PubMed2026
GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.
Jerlhag E. (2026). "GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.". Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.022
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[2]PubMed2026
Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Pender SC, Beryoza M, Khoodoruth WNC et al.. (2026). "Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. https://doi.or
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[3]PubMed2026
Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.
Cibin I, Spaepen S, Steensels J et al.. (2026). "Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.". Current opinion in biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103525
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[4]PubMed2026
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.
Krag A, Åberg F, Mellinger J et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.12038
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[5]PubMed2026
Linking prenatal alcohol-induced transcriptomic alterations to hippocampal-associated structural and behavioral deficits.
Dorman TA, Boschen KE. (2026). "Linking prenatal alcohol-induced transcriptomic alterations to hippocampal-associated structural and behavioral deficits.". Physiology & behavior. https://doi.org/10.10
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[6]PubMed2026
A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.
Chouhan NS, Mitra W, Singh K et al.. (2026). "A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.". Current biology : CB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.069
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[7]PubMed2026
Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.
Doyle MA, Yoon HJ, Altemus ME et al.. (2026). "Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.". Molecular psychiatry. https:
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[8]PubMed2026
Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.
Liu CH, Chu TH, Yang SM et al.. (2026). "Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.". Molecular medicine
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) 12 refs · 2 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografie pro CAS (live aus 13+ Datenbanken)

Quellen: db:pubmed (12) · db:Europe PMC (1)

  1. db:pubmed Jerlhag E. (2026). "GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.". Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.022 →
  2. db:pubmed Pender SC, Beryoza M, Khoodoruth WNC et al.. (2026). "Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106868 →
  3. db:pubmed Cibin I, Spaepen S, Steensels J et al.. (2026). "Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.". Current opinion in biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103525 →
  4. db:pubmed Krag A, Åberg F, Mellinger J et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.12038 →
  5. db:pubmed Chouhan NS, Mitra W, Singh K et al.. (2026). "A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.". Current biology : CB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.069 →
  6. db:pubmed Doyle MA, Yoon HJ, Altemus ME et al.. (2026). "Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.". Molecular psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03660-x →
  7. db:pubmed Liu CH, Chu TH, Yang SM et al.. (2026). "Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.". Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-026-01532-2 →
  8. db:pubmed St Onge CM, Erikson C, Cruz B et al.. (2026). "Translational evidence for increased central amygdala IL-6 activity in alcohol dependence.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-026-03868-2 →
  9. db:pubmed Li Y, Jia H, Zhao T et al.. (2026). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus JM023 Postbiotic-Loaded Sodium Alginate Hydrogel for Alleviating Alcoholic Gastric Ulcers.". Advanced healthcare materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.71236 →
  10. db:pubmed Ma J, Yue X, Wu Y et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Induced Metabolic Stress Sensed by m6A-Modified ChREBP Drives Immune Evasion in Esophageal Carcinogenesis.". Cancer research. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-4717 →
  11. db:pubmed Huh E, Ju IG, Kim SH et al.. (2026). "Traditional herbal medicine Hyangsapyeongwi-san inhibits alcohol-induced gastric injury in mice by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2026.121961 →
  12. db:Europe PMC (2004). "Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies).".
Regulatorischer Status der Substanz
Diese Substanz unterliegt regulatorischen Anforderungen: Bewirtschaftung gefährlicher Abfälle (BDO-Register). Details im Abschnitt "Regulatorischer Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" und im SDS. Regulatorische Information — schränkt den Kauf in diesem Shop nicht ein.
🧮 Stöchiometrie-RechnerMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Chemische DatenMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS-Nummer
64-17-5
Summenformel
C2H6O
Molmasse
46.07 g/mol
SMILES
CCO
📚 Literatura naukowa (1 Artikel)MolGod_LITSCI_1
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
0.7893 g/cm³ @ 20°C

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Externe IdentifikatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
14 von 16 ID-Systemen88%
DatenbankIdentifikatorAktionen
CAS Registry Number64-17-5Öffnen →
PubChem CID702[1]Öffnen →
InChIKeyLFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Öffnen →
InChIInChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3[1]
SMILESCCO[1]
EC Number200-578-6[2]Öffnen →
DrugBankDB00898Öffnen →
KEGG CompoundD00068Öffnen →
HMDBHMDB0000108Öffnen →
ChemSpider682[3]Öffnen →
MeSH UID (NLM)D000431Öffnen →
UNII (FDA)3K9958V90MÖffnen →
NSC Number (NCI)85228Öffnen →
WikiData QIDQ153Öffnen →

Quellen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (3 Quellen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografie (erweitert) (7)

  1. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (wahrsch.) ✓ verifiziert Wang, M.L.; Wang, J.T.; Choong, Y.M.. 2002. "A rapid and accurate method for determination of methanol in alcoholic beverages using headspace gas chromatography." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23]
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2012. "(All E)‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy)Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp26678. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2008. "All Fuels & Energy testing Super Enzyme for making ethanol." Focus on Catalysts 2008 (5): 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4180(08)70203-4. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2004. "(All <scp>E</scp> )‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy) Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp00721. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Müller-plathe, Florian. 1996. "An All-Atom Force Field for Liquid Ethanol–Properties of Ethanol–Water Mixtures." Molecular Simulation 18 (1-2): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927029608022358. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. "Ethanol and Water Adsorption in Conventional and Hierarchical All-Silica MFI Zeolites.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00026.s001. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  7. ★☆☆☆☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS ❓ ? ✓ verifiziert Lachenmeier, D.W.; Sohnius, E.M.. 2007. "The role of acetaldehyde outside ethanol metabolism in the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages." Food and Chemical Toxicology. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23]
📡 Spektroskopie — CAS 64-17-5MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken — Inline-Daten 9 Quellen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spektren werden bei Bedarf aus 9 Quellen abgerufen. Jedes Spektrum wird in unserer Datenbank gespeichert — beim nächsten Öffnen erfolgt keine Anfrage an die externe API. Laden Sie JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG zu jedem Spektrum herunter, ohne zu suchen.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
🔗 Quelle
— Punkte
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
🔗 Quelle
— Punkte
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
🔗 Quelle
— Punkte
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
🔗 Quelle
— Punkte
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
🔗 Quelle
— Punkte
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Die Daten werden einmalig abgerufen (JCAMP-DX-Parser) und in der lokalen Datenbank des Plugins gespeichert. Keine doppelten Downloads, keine erneuten Anfragen an NIST bei späteren Aufrufen. Lizenzen werden eingehalten (veröffentlicht wird nur ein Deep-Link plus eigene Visualisierung).

🔬 Interaktive Spektren (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Daten werden live aus mehreren Quellen abgerufen (Priority-Chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG stehen unter jedem Spektrum zum Download bereit. ⓘ Eine Quelle ★★☆☆☆

IR — Fourier-Transform-Infrarot

IR — Fourier-Transform-Infrarot wird geladen…

MS — Massenspektrometrie (EI 70eV)

MS — Massenspektrometrie (EI 70eV) wird geladen…

Strukturelle EigenschaftenMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Strukturdaten werden geladen...

❓ Häufig gestellte Fragen (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 64-17-5?
64-17-5 (CAS 64-17-5) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Hilfreich?
What is the CAS number of 64-17-5?
The CAS number for 64-17-5 is 64-17-5. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Hilfreich?
How should 64-17-5 be stored?
64-17-5 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Hilfreich?
➕ Frage vorschlagen
Strukturdateien herunterladenMolGod_STRDL_1

Molekülstrukturdateien aus der PubChem-Datenbank (NIH). Kompatibel mit Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol und ChemDraw.

Quelle: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 702

🔄 Umrechner für Konzentrationseinheiten LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Geben Sie die Konzentration Etanol in einer beliebigen Einheit ein — der Rest wird automatisch berechnet.

MW: 46.07 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Umrechnungsformeln + Zitate (pro Formel)
UmrechnungFormelGenauigkeitQuelle
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 autoritative Quellen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Ähnliche MolekülstrukturenMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Ähnliche Strukturen werden geladen...

🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsvorbereitung WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Konzentration auswählen
② Zielvolumen
③ Lösungsmittel

Berechnungen nach: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

ComputerchemieMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Berechnungsdaten werden geladen...

🔬 Reinheitsprüfungs-Leitfaden Qualitätskontrolle

Überprüfen Sie die Reagenzreinheit mit standardisierten analytischen Methoden. Wählen Sie unten eine Testmethode und geben Sie Ihre Messergebnisse für die automatische Berechnung ein.

🛡️ Sicherheit — CAS 64-17-5MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Hinweis zu Datenbeschränkungen. Die Sicherheitsinformationen auf dieser Seite dienen nur zur Information und ersetzen kein vollständiges Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS). Konsultieren Sie vor der Verwendung des Produkts das aktuelle Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Herstellers sowie die GHS/CLP-Leitlinien. Die CLP-Einstufung bezieht sich auf die reine Bulk-Substanz, nicht auf handelsübliche Zubereitungen.

GHS/CLP-Einstufung — Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Gefahr (Danger)
GHS02 — Entzündbar
GHS02 Entzündbar

🚨 Gefahrenhinweise (H)

  • H225 — Flüssigkeit und Dampf leicht entzündbar.

🛡 Sicherheitshinweise (P)

  • P210 — Von Hitze, heißen Oberflächen, Funken, offenen Flammen und anderen Zündquellenarten fernhalten. Nicht rauchen.
  • P240 — Behälter und zu befüllende Anlage erden und Potentialausgleich herstellen.
  • P241 — Explosionsgeschützte elektrische Betriebsmittel/Lüftungsanlagen/Beleuchtung verwenden.

✓ Harmonisierte Einstufung gemäß Anhang VI der CLP-Verordnung (EG) 1272/2008 (amtliche, verbindliche Einstufung). Indexnummer: 603-002-00-5.

Referenz (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "ethanol; ethyl alcohol, Index No. 603-002-00-5." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Übersetzungen: CLP-Verordnung (EG) 1272/2008, Anhang III und IV. Daten: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Konsolidierte wissenschaftliche Referenzen — Chicago Author-Date 10 Quellen

Referenzen aus allen Safety-Hub-Registerkarten gesammelt. CAS: 64-17-5 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Vorschriften
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Registerkarten mit eigenen Referenzen (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) enthalten zusätzliche bibliografische Einträge in ihren jeweiligen Abschnitten.

📈 Analytische Statistik (t-Test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Fügen Sie eine Serie von Messwiederholungen ein (CSV oder eine Zahl pro Zeile). Der Rechner berechnet Mittelwert, Standardabweichung und 95% CI und erkennt Ausreißer (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Trennzeichen: Komma, Leerzeichen, Tab, Zeilenumbruch. Min. 3 Messungen.
📐 Statistische Formeln
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetisches Mittel
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — Stichprobenvarianz
  • s = √s² — Standardabweichung
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative Standardabweichung
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-Test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Quelle: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Puffer-Rezept-Rechner EINZIGARTIG
Literatur: pKa-Werte aus Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wählen Sie einen Puffer aus der Liste von 20 gängigen Systemen → geben Sie den Ziel-pH-Wert ein → Sie erhalten ein exaktes Rezept mit den einzuwiegenden Massen.

Schritt 1: Puffersystem wählen

📜 Rezeptverlauf (letzte 10)
🚚 Transportklassifizierung (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN 1170
UN-Nummer
UN 1170
Ethanol or ethanol solution
Transporteinstufung gemäß ADR / UN-Modellvorschriften (UN-Nummer, Klasse und Verpackungsgruppe oben). Die zum Versandzeitpunkt geltende Ausgabe von ADR/IMDG/IATA prüfen.
Quelle: Karta SDS sek.14 (kanon zmaterializowany)

🛣️ ADR Straßentransport

Klasse:
3
Verpackungsgruppe:
II
Versandbezeichnung:
Ethanol or ethanol solution

Quellen: ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

📅 Project Planner — Manager für Laborexperimente NEU

Planen Sie Ihr gesamtes Laborprojekt: Fügen Sie Experimente mit Reagenzien, Wiederholungen und Dauer hinzu. Sie erhalten ein Gantt-Diagramm, eine Einkaufsliste (mit Links zum Shop!), ein Budget mit 10% Reserve und eine GHS-Risikomatrix.

🧪 Löslichkeit und Lösungsmittelkompatibilität MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekül
Etanol
Formel
C2H6O
logP (XLogP3)
-0.10
Masse (g/mol)
46.07
Polarität
Hydrophil (polar)

⚠️ HSP-Schätzung (Literatur / Group Contribution). Richtwerte — ersetzen keine experimentellen Untersuchungen.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 7.5.

Lösungsmittel Compat. Ra Visuell GC-MS HPLC Anwendungen Referenzen
Water (H₂O)miscible24.0
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)+ Gut0.0
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)+ Gut4.8
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone− Schwach12.5
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)− Schwach16.2
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO− Schwach13.0
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF− Schwach12.0
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)− Schwach14.4
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)− Schwach15.4
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane− Schwach21.4
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Schwach19.4
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen für Lösungsmittel (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Löslichkeitstheorie (angewendet in der Verträglichkeitsvorhersage):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-Triplett (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-Formel.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Vollständige tabellarische Sammlung von 250+ Lösungsmitteln (ε, μ, Donizität, Akzeptorzahlen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 64-17-5 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Vollständige Bibliografie im Akkordeon REFERENZEN (am Ende der Seite) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Reaktionskompatibilität prüfen MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
0 3 0
Gesundheit: 0/4
Entflammbarkeit: 3/4
Reaktivität: 0/4
Gemäß NFPA 704 / berechnet aus H-Sätzen

Prüfen Sie, ob Etanol mit einem anderen Reagenz verträglich ist

📦 Lagerverträglichkeitsmatrix
Acids Regeln Oxidationsmittel Entzündbar Giftig Gazy
Acids ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Regeln ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Oxidationsmittel ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Entzündbar ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Giftig ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Gemeinsame Lagerung möglich · ⚠ Vorsicht · ✗ NICHT zusammen lagern · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Verträglichkeitsdaten aus: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laborrechner (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdünnung (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarität (M=n/V)
pH-Puffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Mol
Konzentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatur C↔F↔K

Verifizierte Formeln: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laborprotokoll-Generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokoll erstellt auf Grundlage von: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etiketten-Generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Ethanol• Alcohol / Ethyl alcohol• CAS: 64-17-5• EC: 200-578-6• Formel: C2H6O• Masse: 46.07 g/molGEFAHRGHS-GEFAHRENHINWEISE:H225P210 P240 P241Nur für Laborzwecke!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
ADMET-Vorhersagen werden geladen…
Historische Vorfälle (CSB/EPA/Bretherick)

Die Datenbank enthält ausschließlich schwere Industrie- und Laborvorfälle (CSB, EPA RMP, Bretherick). Das Fehlen eines Eintrags bedeutet NICHT, dass die Substanz sicher ist — die Datenbank ist unvollständig.

Historische Vorfälle (1)

  1. 2005-03-23 Texas City, Texas, USA (BP Products North America refinery, ISOM unit) Katastrophal explosion
    Substanzen: Hydrocarbon raffinate (ethanol-grade isomerate) (CAS 64-17-5) + Oxygen / atmospheric air (CAS 7782-44-7)
    15 Todesopfer 180 Verletzte

    Podczas rozruchu kolumny izomeryzacji raffinate splitter doszlo do przepelnienia kolumny i nadcisnienia w systemie blowdown drum. Zawory bezpieczenstwa odprowadzily palne weglowodory do atmosferycznego komina (blowdown stack), tworzac chmure gazowo-cieczowa nad zatlonzonymi przyczepami biurowymi. Zaplon (przypuszczalnie z silnika diesla pikapa) wywolal vapor cloud explosion (VCE).

    Grundursache: Atmosferyczny blowdown stack zamiast flare. Brak kalibracji wskaznikow poziomu w kolumnie. 5 dni przedluzonego rozruchu z brakiem snu obslugi. Cuts in budget for maintenance i safety culture failure (CSB ustalil systemowe przyczyny korporacyjne).
    Erkenntnisse: Eliminacja atmospheric blowdown stacks (zastapienie flare). Mechaniczne barierki/odleglosc pomiedzy procesami a obszarami zamieszkalymi. Process Safety Management (PSM) audity nie moga byc tylko papierowe.
    Hauptquelle: U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) Investigation Report No. 2005-04-I-TX
    Bibliografie (Chicago Author-Date)
    • U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. 2007. Investigation Report: Refinery Explosion and Fire, BP Texas City. Report No. 2005-04-I-TX. Washington, DC: CSB.
    • Baker, James A., et al. 2007. The Report of the BP U.S. Refineries Independent Safety Review Panel. Houston: BP.
    • Hopkins, Andrew. 2008. Failure to Learn: The BP Texas City Refinery Disaster. Sydney: CCH Australia.
📚 Data sources o incydentach
  1. Jerlhag E. (2026). "GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.". Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.022 [DOI]
  2. Pender SC, Beryoza M, Khoodoruth WNC et al.. (2026). "Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106868 [DOI]
  3. Cibin I, Spaepen S, Steensels J et al.. (2026). "Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.". Current opinion in biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103525 [DOI]
  4. Krag A, Åberg F, Mellinger J et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.12038 [DOI]
  5. Chouhan NS, Mitra W, Singh K et al.. (2026). "A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.". Current biology : CB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.069 [DOI]
  6. Doyle MA, Yoon HJ, Altemus ME et al.. (2026). "Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.". Molecular psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03660-x [DOI]
  7. Liu CH, Chu TH, Yang SM et al.. (2026). "Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.". Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-026-01532-2 [DOI]
  8. St Onge CM, Erikson C, Cruz B et al.. (2026). "Translational evidence for increased central amygdala IL-6 activity in alcohol dependence.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-026-03868-2 [DOI]
  9. Li Y, Jia H, Zhao T et al.. (2026). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus JM023 Postbiotic-Loaded Sodium Alginate Hydrogel for Alleviating Alcoholic Gastric Ulcers.". Advanced healthcare materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.71236 [DOI]
  10. Ma J, Yue X, Wu Y et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Induced Metabolic Stress Sensed by m6A-Modified ChREBP Drives Immune Evasion in Esophageal Carcinogenesis.". Cancer research. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-4717 [DOI]
⏳ Stabilitäts- & Haltbarkeitsberater Arrhenius
Methodik: Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). Zitat: Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)

Geben Sie die Lagerbedingungen ein → der Arrhenius-Algorithmus prognostiziert die verbleibende Konzentration, die Halbwertszeit und eine Verwendungsempfehlung.

Sichtbare Anzeichen von Abbau:
❄️ Lagerungsempfehlungen
Temperature:
15-25°C
Light:
Ambient
Container:
HDPE/glass
Incompatible:
Oxidizers, acid chlorides
🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsherstellung (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Geben Sie ein, was Sie zubereiten möchten — ich erstelle eine SOP

Beispiele unten — zum Einfügen anklicken:
Fertige Rezepte:
📚 Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Literatur — CAS 64-17-5MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Wichtigste Erkenntnisse (wissenschaftliche Literatur) 8 Publikationen
🏆 CAS 64-17-5 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% Zitierungen · 20% Aktualität · 20% Thema · 15% historisch · 15% Open Access.
  1. #1
    GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018) · The Lancet
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · wysoki impact (1860 citations)
    SCORE 14.46 Pharmakologie MUST-CITE Citations: 1860 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Rehm, J.; Mathers, C.; Popova, S.; Thavorncharoensap, M.; Teerawattananon, Y.; Patra, J. (2012) · The Lancet
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · wysoki impact (4100 citations)
    SCORE 13.69 Pharmakologie MUST-CITE Citations: 4100 DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Connor, J. (2015) · Addiction
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 580 citations · Übersichtsarbeit
    SCORE 11.59 Übersicht MUST-CITE Citations: 580 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants
    Edenberg, H.J. (1996) · Alcohol Research & Health
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 820 citations
    SCORE 11.34 Mechanismus MUST-CITE Citations: 820
  5. #5
    Bruder, E.D.; Pacurari, M.; Beierle, E.A. (review) (2007) · Hepatology / Gastroenterology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 480 citations
    SCORE 8.85 Mechanismus MUST-CITE Citations: 480 DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Lachenmeier, D.W.; Sohnius, E.M. (2007) · Food and Chemical Toxicology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 340 citations
    SCORE 8.4 Analytik MUST-CITE Citations: 340 DOI ↗
  7. #7
    Cornell, N.W.; Lund, P.; Hems, R.; Krebs, H.A. (1987) · Biochemical Journal
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 340 citations
    SCORE 8.4 Mechanismus MUST-CITE Citations: 340 DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Wang, M.L.; Wang, J.T.; Choong, Y.M. (2002) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
    Warum es wichtig ist: Pflichtzitat (Kanon) · 140 citations
    SCORE 7.25 Analytik MUST-CITE Citations: 140 DOI ↗
🔬 HPLC — Methoden und Parameter — CAS 64-17-5MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 HPLC/GC-Methoden (1 Methode)
📄
Identification of the Constituents of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Smilax china L. and Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Properties
HPLCInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences202388% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Säule: C18
Phase: was acetonitrile (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (solvent B)
Detektion: UV 295 nm
Fluss: 0.80 mL/min
Temp.: 25.0 °C
Inj.: 200 μL
Gradient: solvent system was as follows: 0–10 min, 15–25% A
Li X, Liu S, Jin W, Zhang W, Zheng G. Identification of the Constituents of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Smilax china L. and Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24:5158. doi:10.3390/ijms24065158
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
The aim of this work was to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and to identify the active compounds in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Extraction of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and then ethanol extracts were concentrated, and the polyphenolic compounds were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform, EtOAc, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and residual ethanol fractions. Their effects on XO activity were then compared separately. The polyphenolic components of the EtOAc fraction were identified by HPLC and HPLC–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that all these extracts showed XO-inhibitory properties, and among them the EtOAc fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 101.04 μg/mL). The inhibitory constant (Ki) of the EtOAc fraction on XO activity was 65.20 μg/mL, showing excellent inhibition on XO in the competitive mode. Sixteen compounds were identified from the EtOAc fraction. The study demonstrates that the EtOAc fraction of Smilax china L. may be a potential functional food to inhibit XO activity.
L. extractxanthine oxidaseethyl acetate fractioncompetitive inhibitorHPLC–MS
📈 Methodenvalidierung (ICH Q2)

Keine Validierungsdaten. Kontaktieren Sie den Methodenautor.

Parameter nach: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Fehlerbehebung HPLC/GC
Breite Peaks / Tailing
Ursachen: Verschlissene Säule, falscher pH der mobilen Phase, Säulenüberladung, Totvolumen
Lösung: Säule austauschen, Puffer-pH prüfen (±0,2), Injektionsvolumen verringern, Verbindungen prüfen
Basisliniendrift
Ursachen: Verunreinigte mobile Phase, Gradientenprobleme, instabile Temperatur
Lösung: Phase entgasen, 0,22 µm filtrieren, Säulentemperatur stabilisieren, System spülen
Kein Peak
Ursachen: Falsche Wellenlänge, Substanz eluiert nicht, thermische Zersetzung, falsche Phase
Lösung: λmax prüfen, Gradient verlängern, Temperatur senken, mobile Phase wechseln
Geisterpeaks (ghost peaks)
Ursachen: Systemverunreinigung, Verschleppung (Carry-over), verunreinigte Vials
Lösung: System reinigen (MeOH/H₂O), neue Vials verwenden, Blank injizieren
Geringe Wiederfindung
Ursachen: Adsorption an Wänden, unzureichende Extraktion, Zersetzung
Lösung: IS zugeben, Glas silanisieren, Extraktion optimieren, Stabilität prüfen

Quellen: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

Vollständiger HPLC-Methodenleitfaden Fachlich begutachtet

Molekülspezifische Szenarien, Fehlerbehebung und Literaturhinweise

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 64-17-5) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
0.95 min
Range: 0.67 – 1.24
confidence: low
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 10.853 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Echtes Chemiker-Problem

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

So lösen wir das

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Interaktiver Rechner

Deep Education

Die Chemie der mobilen Phase verstehen

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Häufig gestellte Fragen

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=46.07, CAS 64-17-5) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Linearity over a wide range (5 decades)

ICH Q2: 80-120% spec. Your reviewer wants 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL (4 decades). How to build 2 calibrations without bias?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla ethanol (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

What to set on the DAD for an unknown compound?

You do not know λ_max. The DAD covers 200–800 nm. Set it wide or narrow? Use bandwidth 4 or 16 nm?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Häufig gestellte Fragen

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Rule of thumb: analytes MW10000 (proteins) → pore 1000 Å. For MW=46.07 (CAS 64-17-5) use a standard C18 100 Å column.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Detection Gotcha

What is „system suitability" and do I have to do it?

The teacher said „run an SST". You have no idea what that is. The USP method has a checklist — 4 parameters. Which are critical?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Fast method dla release testing

CEO: „23 minutes is too long, 100 batches/day". You need a 5-min method keeping Rs ≥ 2.0 for all 6 impurities.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Häufig gestellte Fragen

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla ethanol (CAS 64-17-5) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensische Analyse — echte Fehlschlag-Geschichten Gelernte Lektionen

Echte Pannen von Chemikern — was passiert ist, was geholfen hat und was zu vermeiden ist.

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company 2025-02-10 Poziom 4/5
Was ist passiert:

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.

💡 Lekcja:

The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
Was ist passiert:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

Ask about this method

Hallo — ich bin auf alle Szenarien, FAQ und Literatur zu dieser Methode trainiert. Fragen Sie mich alles.

Share your scenario

Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".

0 / 1500 characters
🌍 Weltweites Vorkommen (4)MolGod_ABUND_1

Wichtige Regionen des natürlichen Vorkommens und Standorte der industriellen Produktion für CAS 64-17-5.

Bibliografie (Chicago)
  • U.S. Geological Survey. 2024. "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024." https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/.
  • British Geological Survey. 2023. "World Mineral Production 2018-2022." Keyworth: BGS.
  • International Energy Agency. 2023. "Critical Minerals Market Review 2023." https://www.iea.org/reports/critical-minerals-market-review-2023.
  • USGS. 2024. "Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data." U.S. Geological Survey. https://mrdata.usgs.gov/.
  • BGS. 2024. "World Mineral Statistics." British Geological Survey. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/.
  • Emsley, John. 2001. "Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements." Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, Eric J. 2013. "The Periodic Table and the Chemical Industry." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 14 (1): 5-16.
  • Tufte, Edward R. 2006. "Beautiful Evidence." Graphics Press.
  • Few, Stephen. 2009. "Now You See It: Simple Visualization Techniques for Quantitative Analysis." Analytics Press.
  • Mayer, Richard E. 2009. "Multimedia Learning." 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 64-17-5). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
🧪
Ethyl ether
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
🧪
LABSA 96%
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Toluene
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Phthalic anhydride (MA)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 Analysenzertifikate (CoA) CAS 64-17-5 keine MolGod_COA_2

Keine Zertifikate für dieses Produkt in der Datenbank.

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

Standards für Chargenmanagement und Laborzertifizierung — 13 unabhängige Quellen (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [Link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [Link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [Link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [Link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [Link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [Link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [Link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [Link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [Link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [Link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [Link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [Link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [Link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📈 UV-VIS-Spektrenvorhersage (200-400 nm) λmax 210 nm MolGod_UVVIS_1
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400210 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
VerbindungEthanol (UV cutoff)
λmax210 nm
λmin—
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)—
Lösungsmittel (Abfrage)water
Lösungsmittel (Referenz)self
Konzentration (M)1e-4
Schichtdicke (cm)1
FWHM der Kurve30 nm

Modell: Gauß-Kurve zentriert auf λmax mit Skalierung nach dem Beer-Lambert-Gesetz A = ε · c · l. Transmission T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Jerlhag E. (2026). "GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.". Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.022 [DOI]
  2. Pender SC, Beryoza M, Khoodoruth WNC et al.. (2026). "Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106868 [DOI]
  3. Cibin I, Spaepen S, Steensels J et al.. (2026). "Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.". Current opinion in biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103525 [DOI]
  4. Krag A, Åberg F, Mellinger J et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.12038 [DOI]
  5. Chouhan NS, Mitra W, Singh K et al.. (2026). "A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.". Current biology : CB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.069 [DOI]
  6. Doyle MA, Yoon HJ, Altemus ME et al.. (2026). "Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.". Molecular psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03660-x [DOI]
  7. Liu CH, Chu TH, Yang SM et al.. (2026). "Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.". Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-026-01532-2 [DOI]
  8. St Onge CM, Erikson C, Cruz B et al.. (2026). "Translational evidence for increased central amygdala IL-6 activity in alcohol dependence.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-026-03868-2 [DOI]
  9. Li Y, Jia H, Zhao T et al.. (2026). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus JM023 Postbiotic-Loaded Sodium Alginate Hydrogel for Alleviating Alcoholic Gastric Ulcers.". Advanced healthcare materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.71236 [DOI]
  10. Ma J, Yue X, Wu Y et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Induced Metabolic Stress Sensed by m6A-Modified ChREBP Drives Immune Evasion in Esophageal Carcinogenesis.". Cancer research. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-4717 [DOI]
  11. Huh E, Ju IG, Kim SH et al.. (2026). "Traditional herbal medicine Hyangsapyeongwi-san inhibits alcohol-induced gastric injury in mice by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2026.121961 [DOI]
  12. (2004). "Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies).".
  13. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  14. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  15. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  16. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  17. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  18. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  19. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  20. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  21. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  22. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  23. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  24. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  25. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  26. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  27. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  28. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 The λmax = 210 nm value comes from a database/the literature. No independent cross-confirmation (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — cross-verification unavailable.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/64-17-5?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

☣️ Toxizität (LD50 / LC50) Nicht eingestuftMolGod_LD50_1
LD50
7060 mg/kg[1][2]
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Practically nontoxic[3][4]
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Quelle: RTECS KQ6300000; ECHA Brief Profile Ethanol 2023 (2023). CAS 64-17-5.

LD50/LC50-Daten dienen nur zur Orientierung; sie ersetzen weder das Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS) noch eine toxikologische Expertenbewertung. GHS-Einstufung für den oralen Weg (mg/kg bw) gemäß UN GHS, 10. Rev. 2023, Anhang 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliografie (Chicago)
  1. NIOSH. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Cincinnati: NIOSH.
  2. ECHA. European Chemicals Agency — harmonised classification inventory (CLP Annex VI).
  3. United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  4. Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
Further sources (methodology, not cited directly):
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per IARC carcinogenicity classification criteria Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

Bulk orders? Contact us.

⚠️ Interakcje lekowe (2)MolGod_DRUGINT_1

Znane interakcje farmakokinetyczne i farmakodynamiczne dla CAS 64-17-5 according to consensus clinical sources. This information is educational — do not replace medical consultation.

Skala evidence (Hansten & Horn)
A — randomized controlled trials · B — non-randomized clinical / PK studies · C — case reports · D — theoretical/mechanism-based
  • Metanol
    SeriousEL: B
    CAS partnera: 67-56-1 · PubChem 887 · Papers: 10

    Mechanizm: Ethanol is the preferred substrate of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; Km ~ 1 mM vs methanol ~ 7 mM). It saturates ADH, blocking the conversion of methanol into toxic formaldehyde and formic acid.

    Skutek kliniczny: Clinically exploited: ethanol is an antidote in methanol poisoning (alternative: fomepizole). Uncontrolled combination masks developing metabolic acidosis.

    Procedure: In methanol poisoning: ethanol IV/PO to a concentration of 100–150 mg/dL or fomepizole 15 mg/kg + haemodialysis, under toxicologist supervision.

    Source: Stockley 2021; Goldfrank Toxicologic Emergencies
  • Alprazolam
    SeriousEL: A
    CAS partnera: 28981-97-7

    Mechanizm: Both potentiate GABA-A (alprazolam — allosteric BZD modulator; ethanol — enhancement of Cl− channels). Additive CNS depression.

    Skutek kliniczny: Sedation, respiratory depression, coma, hypoxaemia. Ethanol additionally inhibits CYP3A4 (alprazolam metabolism).

    Procedure: ABSOLUTELY avoid alcohol while on BZD. Patient education — account for ETOH hidden in medicines (syrups).

    Source: FDA Black Box Warning; Hansten & Horn 2024
Bibliografie (Chicago)
  • Hansten, Philip D., and John R. Horn. 2024. "The Top 100 Drug Interactions: A Guide to Patient Management." H&H Publications.
  • Stockley, Ivan H., ed. 2021. "Stockley's Drug Interactions." 12th ed. Pharmaceutical Press.
  • Indiana University. 2024. "P450 Drug Interaction Table." https://drug-interactions.medicine.iu.edu/.
  • Lexicomp. 2024. "Lexicomp Drug Interactions Database." Wolters Kluwer.
  • U.S. FDA. 2023. "Drug Development and Drug Interactions Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers." https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers.
  • Goldfrank, Lewis R., et al. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies." 11th ed. McGraw-Hill (rozdz. Drug Interactions — synergie + antagonizmy w zatruciach mieszanych).
  • Olson, Kent R., et al. 2018. "Poisoning & Drug Overdose." 7th ed. McGraw-Hill (kliniczne management interakcji w przedawkowaniu).
  • Dollery, Colin, ed. 1999. "Therapeutic Drugs." 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone (source monograph on drug-drug interactions at the pharmacokinetic level).
  • Rosenstock, Linda, et al. 2005. "Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine." 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders (occupational + drug exposure interakcje).
  • Lippmann, Morton. 2009. "Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects." 3rd ed. Wiley (modulation of CYP3A4/CYP2D6 by environmental exposures).
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press (in vitro screening DDI: rola P-gp, BCRP).
📜 Patente (öffentliche Metadaten) keine Daten MolGod_PATENT_2

Derzeit wurden keine öffentlichen Patent-Metadaten für diese Substanz in Crossref / OpenAlex gefunden. Die Daten werden nach der nächsten Cache-Aktualisierung automatisch ergänzt (24h).

📚 Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken
  1. Häsner, Cecilia, Alves Santos, Douglas, Alves de Lima, Araken. 2020. "Technological Trajectories Studies of Sugarcane Ethanol Production Using Patent Citation." Intellectual Property Rights - Patent. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88428.
  2. Anonymous. 2012. "(All E)‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy)Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp26678.
  3. Anonymous. 2008. "All Fuels & Energy testing Super Enzyme for making ethanol." Focus on Catalysts 2008 (5): 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4180(08)70203-4.
  4. Anonymous. 2004. "(All <scp>E</scp> )‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy) Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp00721.
  5. Müller-plathe, Florian. 1996. "An All-Atom Force Field for Liquid Ethanol–Properties of Ethanol–Water Mixtures." Molecular Simulation 18 (1-2): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927029608022358.
  6. Anonymous. "Ethanol and Water Adsorption in Conventional and Hierarchical All-Silica MFI Zeolites.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00026.s001.
  7. Jerlhag E. (2026). "GLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.". Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.022
  8. Pender SC, Beryoza M, Khoodoruth WNC et al.. (2026). "Epigenetic pathways linking prenatal alcohol exposure to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106868
  9. Cibin I, Spaepen S, Steensels J et al.. (2026). "Next-generation brewing yeasts for non-alcoholic beers.". Current opinion in biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103525
  10. Krag A, Åberg F, Mellinger J et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Review.". JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.12038
  11. Chouhan NS, Mitra W, Singh K et al.. (2026). "A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling.". Current biology : CB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.069
  12. Doyle MA, Yoon HJ, Altemus ME et al.. (2026). "Alcohol abstinence precipitates alcohol seeking and aversion-resistant intake in association with increased BNST activity.". Molecular psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03660-x
  13. Liu CH, Chu TH, Yang SM et al.. (2026). "Finerenone mitigates acute alcoholic myocardial injury by modulating inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.". Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-026-01532-2
  14. St Onge CM, Erikson C, Cruz B et al.. (2026). "Translational evidence for increased central amygdala IL-6 activity in alcohol dependence.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-026-03868-2
  15. Li Y, Jia H, Zhao T et al.. (2026). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus JM023 Postbiotic-Loaded Sodium Alginate Hydrogel for Alleviating Alcoholic Gastric Ulcers.". Advanced healthcare materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.71236
  16. Ma J, Yue X, Wu Y et al.. (2026). "Alcohol-Induced Metabolic Stress Sensed by m6A-Modified ChREBP Drives Immune Evasion in Esophageal Carcinogenesis.". Cancer research. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-4717
  17. Huh E, Ju IG, Kim SH et al.. (2026). "Traditional herbal medicine Hyangsapyeongwi-san inhibits alcohol-induced gastric injury in mice by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2026.121961
  18. (2004). "Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies).".
  19. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  20. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  21. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  22. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  23. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  24. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  25. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  26. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  27. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  28. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  29. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  30. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/64-17-5?status=active&limit=10

Bibliografie (erweitert) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2012. "(All E)‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy)Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp26678. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2008. "All Fuels & Energy testing Super Enzyme for making ethanol." Focus on Catalysts 2008 (5): 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4180(08)70203-4. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. 2004. "(All <scp>E</scp> )‐2‐(1,3,5,7,9‐Dodecapentaenyloxy) Ethanol 166248‐82‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp00721. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Müller-plathe, Florian. 1996. "An All-Atom Force Field for Liquid Ethanol–Properties of Ethanol–Water Mixtures." Molecular Simulation 18 (1-2): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927029608022358. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. "Ethanol and Water Adsorption in Conventional and Hierarchical All-Silica MFI Zeolites.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00026.s001. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
Daten von PubChemQuelle: PubChem (NIH)
📤 Betten Sie dieses Molekül auf Ihrer Website ein

Haben Sie einen Blog, ein Forum oder einen wissenschaftlichen Dienst? Betten Sie das interaktive 3D-Molekül auf Ihrer Website ein — jeder Ihrer Leser sieht es, und darunter gibt es einen Link zu unserem Shop, wo er das Reagenz kaufen kann.

🔗 HTML-iframe-Code (am einfachsten — funktioniert überall)

Kopieren Sie ihn und fügen Sie ihn in den HTML-Editor Ihrer Website ein:

Passen Sie width und height an Ihr Layout an.

⚙ WordPress Shortcode (für andere Shops mit MOL-GOD)

🌐 Direktlink (für E-Mails, Chats, LinkedIn, Twitter)

LinkedIn Twitter/X Facebook
QR code CAS 64-17-5

📱 QR code (zum Druck auf Flyern / Etiketten / Katalogen)

Platzieren Sie ihn in einem Produktkatalog, auf einem Flaschenetikett oder einem Flyer. Der Kunde scannt ihn — sieht das 3D-Molekül auf seinem Telefon, mit einem Link zu Ihrem Shop.

⬇ PNG herunterladen

🖼 Open Graph image (für Social-Media-Meta-Tags)

Wenn Sie den Link teilen, ruft Facebook/LinkedIn/Discord automatisch die Bildvorschau ab:

Preview
📋 Lizenz: Der Embed behält einen Backlink zu Eapearl Chemical (erforderlich — der Shop ist die Datenquelle). Chemische Daten stammen von PubChem (CC0 — gemeinfrei). Der Embed ist KOSTENLOS für Bildungs-, kommerzielle und Hobbyzwecke.
📚 REFERENZEN (Gesammelte Bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 122 Einträge

Alle wissenschaftlichen Quellen, die in den Akkordeons oben für CAS 64-17-5 zitiert werden.Format: Chicago Manual of Style, 17. Aufl., Autor-Datum-System.

🗄️ Wissenschaftliche Datenbanken

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 64-17-5. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=64-17-5.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 64-17-5. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 64-17-5. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=64-17-5.

📐 Standards / Richtlinien

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Bücher

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Wissenschaftliche Artikel (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. Yaws Handbook 2nd ed. (2014). n.d. "Yaws Handbook 2nd ed. (2014): CAS 64-17-5."
  10. ECHA — Zalacznik VI do CLP (klasyfikacja zharmonizowana, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
  11. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  12. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  13. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  14. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  15. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  16. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  17. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  18. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.
  19. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  20. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  21. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  22. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  23. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  24. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  25. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  26. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  27. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  28. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  29. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  30. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  31. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  32. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  33. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  34. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  35. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  36. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2-R2_Document_Step4_Guideline_2023_1101.pdf.
  37. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  38. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  39. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  40. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  41. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  42. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  43. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  44. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  45. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  46. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  47. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  48. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  49. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  50. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  51. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  52. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  53. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
  54. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  55. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download.
  56. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
  57. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
  58. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954.
  59. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/app_f.pdf.
  60. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
  61. Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
  62. Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
  63. Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
  64. Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
  65. Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
  66. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
  67. Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
  68. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
  69. International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
  70. International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
  71. United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
  72. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
  73. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. "Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1)." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  74. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. "USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography." USP. https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp/document/harmonization/gen-chapter/g05_pf_30_4_2004.pdf.
  75. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
  76. European Commission. 2014. "Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC." Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0955.
  77. Ministry of Climate and Environment of the Republic of Poland. 2020. "Regulation of the Minister of Climate of 2 January 2020 on the waste catalogue." Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland 2020 item 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010.
  78. Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ) [Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection]. 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — Waste disposal company registration system." Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/.
  79. Poland — Sejm RP. 2012. "Act of 14 December 2012 on waste." Dz.U. 2013 item 21 (as amended). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20130000021.
  80. Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. "CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety." CRC Press.
  81. Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
  82. Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
  83. NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  84. OSHA. 2024. "Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER)." Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata.
  85. European Parliament and Council. 2008. "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive)." Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
  86. European Parliament and Council. 2009. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures." Official Journal of the European Union L 353. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R1272.
  87. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
  88. IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
  89. European Parliament and Council. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste." Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1013.
  90. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q7%20Guideline.pdf.
  91. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  92. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
  93. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  94. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  95. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q6A%20Guideline.pdf.
  96. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q10%20Guideline.pdf.
  97. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211.
  98. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
  99. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  100. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  101. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
  102. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. https://ipecamericas.org/sites/default/files/IPECPQGGMPGuide2017.pdf.
📥 BibTeX herunterladen📥 RIS herunterladenImport in Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote/Papers.
—