Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical

Sodium cyanide

NaCN

CAS 143-33-9 NaCN Precursor CLP Danger
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 22.09.2026

Specification

Product NameSodium cyanide
Other NamesNaCN
CAS No.143-33-9
MFNaCN
Molecular weight49.007
Purity99.5%
AppearanceWhite crystalline powder
Density1.595g/cm 3
Melting point550 °C
Boiling point23.5 °C (at 760mmHg)
Solubility110 g/L (20 ºC)

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS06 — Acute toxicity GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard GHS pictogram GHS09 — Hazardous to the environment

Danger

Classification source — PubChem C&L (consensus filter, not harmonised)

No harmonised entry exists for this substance; the classification shown is the supplier consensus reported to ECHA and should be confirmed for your intended use.

  • H330 Fatal if inhaled
  • H300 Fatal if swallowed
  • H310 Fatal in contact with skin
  • H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
  • H400 Very toxic to aquatic life
  • H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
Precautionary statements (3)
  • P234 Keep only in original packaging
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
  • P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

Packaging and shipping

Drum180 kg
IBC Drum1127 kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Sodium cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), commonly known as kyanite or kyanite powder, is a white crystalline powder or blocky solid that readily deliquesces and has a faint bitter almond odor. It is a highly toxic inorganic compound. Even a small amount of skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion can lead to poisoning and death. At the same time, it is also an indispensable and important basic chemical raw material. Due to its extremely strong complexation ability and reactivity, it plays an irreplaceable core role in key industrial fields such as gold smelting, electroplating, and organic synthesis.

Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.

Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional domestic supplier of fine chemicals, is well aware of the special nature and high risks associated with sodium cyanide, which is a strictly regulated highly toxic chemical substance by the state. We always prioritize safety, compliance, and responsibility. We strictly abide by all laws and regulations, including the “Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals”, the “Measures for the Purchase and Road Transportation Permit of Highly Toxic Chemicals”, and the mandatory national standard “Safety Management Specifications for Cyanide Production” (GB 45189-2025), which came into effect on September 1, 2025. We only provide high-purity and high-quality sodium cyanide products to end-users with legal qualifications and are committed to providing customers with a fully traceable, professional and safe supply chain service and technical support. 

Product Introduction 

We are well aware that only by respecting the law, valuing science and upholding responsibility can we establish a long-term, stable and mutually trusting partnership with our clients. If you need to obtain detailed product technical materials, undergo qualification verification or inquire about the procurement process, please feel free to contact us at any time.

Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.

Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.

Delivery&Payment method

Compliant industrial supplier of sodium cyanide (NaCN),providing applications such as electroplating, synthesis, and heat treatment. With strict quality control, safety compliance, and stable supply.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Sodium cyanide shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (180 kg), IBC Drum (1127 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Sodium cyanide?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.5%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Related products

🧬 3D分子可视化器
正在加载分子...
3D模型Sodium Cyanide,CAS 143-33-9,分子式CNNa, 摩尔质量 49.007 g/mol

数据转录自法规登记册和专业文献,并注明来源与版本。不能替代供应商的安全数据表。未记录来源的字段已作相应标注。

📊 物理化学数据 — CAS 143-33-9MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 物理化学性质

快速参考

化学式: CNNa
分子量: 49.007 g/mol
CAS号: 143-33-9
🔬 高级属性

化学标识符

SMILES: [C-]#N.[Na+]

最后更新: 未确认

化学概述: Sodium CyanideMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
分子式CNNa[1]
分子量49.007 g/mol[1]
熔点563.89 °C[1]
沸点1496 °C[1]
密度1.6 g/cm³[1]
IUPAC名称sodium cyanide[1]
SMILES[C-]#N.[Na+][1]
InChIKeyMNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

同义词: SODIUM CYANIDE · 143-33-9 · Cymag · Cyanogran · Cyanide of sodium

数据来源: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
最后更新: 2026-09-21

📚 科学参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式) (1 来源)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. applies to: 分子式 · 分子量 · 熔点 · 沸点 · 密度 · IUPAC名称 · SMILES · InChIKey

科学研究

[1]Europe PMC2021
et al.. (2021). "Effect of Sodium Cyanide-induced Tissue Hypoxia on Reproductive Capability of Male Mice and the Protective Effect of Ethyl Pyruvate.". https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2020.126806.1362
[2]PubMed2021
Kim M, Jee SC, Kim S et al.. (2021). "Identification and Characterization of mRNA Biomarkers for Sodium Cyanide Exposure.". Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110288
[3]Europe PMC2019
et al.. (2019). "Behavioural and physiological assessments of dimethyl trisulfide treatment for acute oral sodium cyanide poisoning.". https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13220
[4]Europe PMC2018
et al.. (2018). "Behavioral toxicity of sodium cyanide following oral ingestion in rats: Dose-dependent onset, severity, survival, and recovery.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.033
[5]Europe PMC2016
(2016). "In vivo studies on hepato-renal impairments in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5286-9
[6]Europe PMC2015
(2015). "Histopathological alterations in spleen of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of sodium cyanide.".
[7]Doaj2014
John A. Shivik, Lauren Mastro, Julie K. Young. (2014). "Animal attendance at M‐44 sodium cyanide ejector sites for coyotes". Wildlife Society Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.361
[8]Europe PMC2012
et al.. (2012). "Homicide due to intravenous metallic mercury injection followed by sodium cyanide injection.". https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0b013e318221b693
📚 科学参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式) 18 refs · 4 baz

MOLECULE 按CAS号参考文献(实时来自13+数据库)

来源: db:Europe PMC (14) · db:pubmed (1) · db:doaj (1) · db:crossref (2)

  1. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2021). "Effect of Sodium Cyanide-induced Tissue Hypoxia on Reproductive Capability of Male Mice and the Protective Effect of Ethyl Pyruvate.". https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2020.126806.1362
  2. db:pubmed Kim M, Jee SC, Kim S et al.. (2021). "Identification and Characterization of mRNA Biomarkers for Sodium Cyanide Exposure.". Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110288
  3. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2019). "Behavioural and physiological assessments of dimethyl trisulfide treatment for acute oral sodium cyanide poisoning.". https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13220
  4. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2018). "Behavioral toxicity of sodium cyanide following oral ingestion in rats: Dose-dependent onset, severity, survival, and recovery.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.033
  5. db:Europe PMC (2016). "In vivo studies on hepato-renal impairments in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5286-9
  6. db:Europe PMC (2015). "Histopathological alterations in spleen of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of sodium cyanide.".
  7. db:doaj John A. Shivik, Lauren Mastro, Julie K. Young. (2014). "Animal attendance at M‐44 sodium cyanide ejector sites for coyotes". Wildlife Society Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.361
  8. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2012). "Homicide due to intravenous metallic mercury injection followed by sodium cyanide injection.". https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0b013e318221b693
  9. db:Europe PMC (2012). "Acute toxicity, behavioral and nitrogen metabolism changes of sodium cyanide affected on tissues of Tilapia mossambica (Perters).". https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2011.589608
  10. db:crossref (2012). "Hydrogen cyanide, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide [MAK Value Documentation, 2003]". The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600418.mb7490vere0019
  11. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2009). "Respiratory distress and behavioral changes induced by sodium cyanide in the fresh water TELEOST, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus).". https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp.2009.20.1.55
  12. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2008). "Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative cyanation of tertiary amines with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide and sodium cyanide: sp3 C-H bond activation and carbon-carbon bond formation.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ja8017362
  13. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2004). "[Two suicide fatalities from sodium cyanide ingestion: differences in blood biochemistry].".
  14. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2003). "Pulsatilloside A and anemoside A3 protect PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by sodium cyanide and glucose deprivation.". https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37705
  15. db:Europe PMC (2002). "Ion pair recognition by Zn-porphyrin/crown ether conjugates: visible sensing of sodium cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1039/b109596j
  16. db:Europe PMC (1993). "NTP Toxicity Studies of Sodium Cyanide (CAS No. 143-33-9) Administered by Dosed Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice.".
  17. db:Europe PMC et al.. (1986). "Acute oral toxicity of sodium cyanide in birds.". https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.4.538
  18. db:crossref R. Garth Pews, Fred P. Corson. (1971). "Reactions of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide with sodium cyanide and with sodium p-toluenesulfinate". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00811a018
物质监管状态
该物质受监管要求约束: 危险废物管理(BDO登记册). 详细信息请参见“法规状态(REACH/ECHA/CLP)”章节及安全数据表。 监管信息——不限制在本店购买。
🧮 化学计量计算器MolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 化学数据MolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS号
143-33-9
分子式
CNNa
摩尔质量
49.007 g/mol
IUPAC名称 (EN)
sodium cyanide
SMILES
[C-]#N.[Na+]
InChIKey
MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Literatura naukowa (18 产品)MolGod_LITSCI_1
John A. Shivik, Lauren Mastro, Julie K. Young · (2014) · Wildlife Society Bulletin
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📈 出版时间线
1986
1993
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2003
2004
2008
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.6

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 外部标识符MolGod_EXTID_1
1 / 16个ID系统6%
数据库标识符操作
CAS Registry Number143-33-9打开 →

来源:PubChem (NIH)、Wikidata SPARQL、KEGG、ChEMBL (EBI)、CompTox CTX (EPA)。

Further reading

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.

扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2017. "sodium cyanide poisoning." CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.96451. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Asplund, J. 1978. "Titration of cyanide and hexacyanoferrate(II) with silver nitrate—II Determination of sodium cyanide and sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) in a complexing agent." Talanta 25 (3): 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(78)80102-7. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Wakefield, B. J.. 1967. "The displacement of all six fluorine atoms from hexafluorobenzene by sodium cyanide in methanol." Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic: 72. https://doi.org/10.1039/j39670000072. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2454_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Aerobic Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0390303.s001. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 光谱学 — CAS 143-33-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 光谱数据库 — 内联数据 8 来源 MolGod_SPECDB_2

光谱按需从9个来源获取。每个光谱都存储在我们的数据库中 — 下次打开时无需向外部API发出请求。无需搜索即可为每个光谱下载JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG。

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ 点击加载光谱
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
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Free for non-commercial

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📚 DOAJ — doaj.org
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结构性质MolGod_STRUCT3D_1

正在加载结构数据...

❓ 常见问题 (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 143-33-9?
143-33-9 (CAS 143-33-9) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
有帮助吗?
What is the CAS number of 143-33-9?
The CAS number for 143-33-9 is 143-33-9. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
有帮助吗?
How should 143-33-9 be stored?
143-33-9 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
有帮助吗?
➕ 建议问题
下载结构文件MolGod_STRDL_1

来自PubChem数据库(NIH)的分子结构文件。兼容Avogadro、PyMOL、Jmol和ChemDraw等程序。

来源:PubChem,美国国家医学图书馆(NIH)。 CID: 8929

🔄 浓度单位转换器 实时 MolGod_UNITCONV_1

输入Sodium Cyanide浓度(任意单位),其余将自动计算。

分子量: 49.007 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ 转换公式及引用(每个公式)
转换分子式准确度来源
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 参考文献(8个权威来源)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
相似分子结构MolGod_SIMSTR_1

正在加载相似结构...

🧪 溶液制备向导 WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① 选择浓度
② 目标体积
③ 溶剂

计算依据: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

计算化学MolGod_COMPCHEM_1

正在加载计算数据...

🛡️ 安全 — CAS 143-33-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
数据限制说明。 本页安全信息仅供参考,不能替代完整的安全数据表(SDS)。使用产品前,请查阅制造商当前的安全数据表以及GHS/CLP指南。CLP分类适用于纯散装物质,不适用于商业制剂。

GHS/CLP分类——(EC) No 1272/2008法规 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021)。

⚠️ 危险 (Danger)
GHS06 — 毒性
GHS06 毒性
GHS07 — 刺激性/有害
GHS07 刺激性/有害
GHS09 — 环境危害
GHS09 环境危害

🚨 危险说明(H)

  • H300 — 吞咽致命
  • H310 — 皮肤接触致命
  • H330 — 吸入致命
  • H400 — 对水生生物毒性极大
  • H410 — 对水生生物毒性极大并具有长期持续影响
  • H316 — 造成轻微皮肤刺激
  • H319 — 造成严重眼刺激

🛡 防范说明(P)

  • P234 — 只能在原容器中存放。
  • P203 — 使用前取得、阅读并遵循所有安全说明书。
  • P260 — 不要吸入粉尘/烟/气体/气雾/蒸气/喷雾。

⚠ 基于来源共识的分类(PubChem/供应商通知)——未与附件VI(CLP)中的统一分类进行验证。危害范围可能比官方分类更广;使用前请与供应商当前的安全数据表进行验证。

翻译:CLP 法规 (EC) 1272/2008,附件 III 和 IV。数据:PubChem/NLM。

📚 综合科学参考文献 — Chicago Author-Date 10 来源

从所有Safety Hub选项卡收集的参考文献。CAS号: 143-33-9 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS,法规
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

具有自身参考文献的选项卡(紧急情况、个人防护装备、储存、废物)在其各自章节中包含额外的书目条目。

📈 分析统计(t检验·RSD·Grubbs·Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

粘贴一系列重复测量结果(CSV或每行一个数字)。计算器将计算平均值、标准差和95%置信区间,并检测异常值(Grubbs + Dixon Q)。

分隔符:逗号、空格、制表符、换行。至少3个测量值。
📐 统计公式
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — 算术平均值
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — 样本方差
  • s = √s² — 标准差
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — 相对标准差
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs检验
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

来源:ICH Q2(R2) 分析方法验证 · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 缓冲液配方计算器 唯一

从 20 种常用缓冲体系列表中选择 → 输入目标 pH → 获得精确配方,包括称量质量。

步骤 1:选择缓冲体系

📜 配方历史记录(最近 10 条)
药物状态

Prekliniczny

I期
II期
III期
已批准

临床前——无人体研究数据。

ChEMBL CHEMBL1644697 ↗

扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2017. "sodium cyanide poisoning." CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.96451. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Asplund, J. 1978. "Titration of cyanide and hexacyanoferrate(II) with silver nitrate—II Determination of sodium cyanide and sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) in a complexing agent." Talanta 25 (3): 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(78)80102-7. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Wakefield, B. J.. 1967. "The displacement of all six fluorine atoms from hexafluorobenzene by sodium cyanide in methanol." Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic: 72. https://doi.org/10.1039/j39670000072. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2454_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Aerobic Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0390303.s001. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 项目规划器——实验室实验管理器 新品

规划您的整个实验室项目:添加实验(含试剂、重复次数和持续时间)。您将获得甘特图、购物清单(含商店链接!)、预算(含10%余量)和GHS风险矩阵。

🧪 溶解性和溶剂兼容性 MolGod_SOLUB_1
分子
Sodium Cyanide
分子式
CNNa
logP (XLogP3)
摩尔质量(g/mol)
49.007
极性

⚠️ 离子/无机化合物——汉森参数(δD/δP/δH)不适用:溶解由晶格能和离子溶剂化控制,而非分子间内聚力。HSP模块和汉森球已省略。HSP相关列(相容性/Ra/可视化)标记为“n/a”——请基于实验数据选择溶剂。

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule)

溶剂 兼容性 Ra 可视化 GC-MS HPLC 应用 参考文献
Water (H₂O)n/d不适用✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)n/d不适用✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)n/d不适用✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonen/d不适用✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)n/d不适用✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSOn/d不适用✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFn/d不适用✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)n/d不适用✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)n/d不适用✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanen/d不适用✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenen/d不适用✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 溶剂科学参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式)——点击展开

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
溶解性理论(应用于相容性预测):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP三元组(dD, dP, dH)+ Ra公式。
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — 250+溶剂的完整表格数据集(ε、μ、供体数、受体数)。
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 143-33-9 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

完整参考文献位于页面底部的参考文献折叠面板——芝加哥格式手册第17版作者-日期格式。

⚗️ 检查反应兼容性 MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
4 0 0
健康: 4/4
易燃性: 0/4
反应性: 0/4
根据NFPA 704 / 由H代码计算

检查Sodium Cyanide是否与另一种试剂兼容

📦 储存兼容性矩阵
酸类 氧化剂 易燃 毒性 Gazy
酸类
氧化剂
易燃
毒性
Gazy
✓ 可一起储存 · ⚠ 谨慎 · ✗ 禁止一起储存 · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

兼容性数据来源: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 实验室计算器(8个) MolGod_LABCALC_1
稀释(C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
摩尔浓度(M=n/V)
pH缓冲液(Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert(A=εcl)
质量→摩尔
浓度%→M
ppm→mg/L
温度 C↔F↔K

已验证的配方: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 光谱数据库 MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 实验室方案生成器 MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

方案基于以下内容生成: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ 标签生成器(QR码) MolGod_LABEL_1
Sodium Cyanide• Cymag / Cyanogran• IUPAC: sodium cyanide• CAS: 143-33-9• 分子式: CNNa• 摩尔质量: 49.007 g/mol危险GHS危险说明:(供应商自我分类——不具约束力)H330 H300 H310 H372 H400 H410P203 P234 P260仅供实验室使用!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
正在加载ADMET预测…
🧪 溶液配制助手(Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

输入您要制备的内容——我将生成SOP

示例如下——点击插入:
预设配方:
📚 科学文献概览 — CAS 143-33-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ 关键发现(科学文献) 18 出版物
🏆 CAS 143-33-9 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30%引用·20%近期性·20%主题·15%历史·15%开放获取.
  1. #1
    Kim M, Jee SC, Kim S et al. (2021) · Toxics
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 8.41 机制 Citations: 8 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2018) · Food and Chemical Toxicology
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 8.31 药理学 Citations: 8 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2019) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 8.29 药理学 Citations: 6 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    (2012) · The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 7.58 机制 Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗
  5. #5
    et al. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society
    重要性: 174 citations
    SCORE 7.53 机制 Citations: 174 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Yeon-Hwan Kim; Jong-In Hong (2002) · Chemical Communications
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 6.77 机制 Citations: 97 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    (2015)
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 6.46 机制 Citations: 7 Open Access PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    et al. (1986) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 6.09 药理学 Citations: 18 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    John A. Shivik, Lauren Mastro, Julie K. Young (2014) · Wildlife Society Bulletin
    重要性: Open access
    SCORE 5.99 机制 Citations: 6 Open Access DOI ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2021)
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 5.11 药理学 Citations: 3 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    M. David; R. M. Kartheek (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 4.92 机制 Citations: 10 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    R. Garth Pews, Fred P. Corson (1971) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 3.53 机制 Citations: 14 DOI ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 3.14 机制 Citations: 6 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    et al. (2003) · Planta Medica
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 3.12 机制 Citations: 10 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    M.S. Prashanth (2012) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 3.1 分析 Citations: 1 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    et al. (2004)
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 2.9 机制 Citations: 4 PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    (1993)
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 2.23 药理学 Citations: 2 PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (2009) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
    重要性: 通过多标准评分选择(引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取)。
    SCORE 0.8 分析 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
🔬 HPLC — 方法与参数 — CAS 143-33-9MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🧪 系统适用性——实时计算器(USP <621>)

输入5-6次进样的数据(峰面积、保留时间、拖尾因子、塔板数)——计算器将计算%RSD和平均值,并检查是否符合USP <621>。您可以粘贴CSV(逗号分隔)或编辑单个值。

📚 参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
📐 HPLC峰对称性计算器(USP Tf / As)

根据峰半宽计算USP拖尾因子(Tf)和不对称度(As)。输入在峰高5%或10%处测量的a(左半宽)和b(右半宽)。

📚 参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 分辨率和塔板数计算器(Rs, N, H)

计算一对HPLC峰的分辨率Rs、理论塔板数N和HETP(H)。输入保留时间、峰宽(在50%或基线处)和色谱柱长度。

📚 参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.

完整HPLC方法指南 同行评审

分子特定场景、故障排除和文献参考

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 143-33-9) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
1.2 min
Range: 0.84 – 1.56
confidence: low
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 10.203 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

化学家的真实问题

How to prepare the mobile phase for the first time

Protokół mówi "ACN/H₂O 60:40". W szafce masz ACN HPLC grade i wodę z kranu. Nikt ci nie powiedział, że kran = dramat. Koszt błędu: zniszczona kolumna 1800 PLN.

我们的解决方案

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

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One-click add to cart

交互式计算器

Deep Education

理解流动相化学

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika
Total/quarter

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter
Guards / quarter
Downtime wymiany (h)
Total/quarter

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift
Shifts potrzebnych
Koszt pracy
Savings
Total annual savings:

常见问题

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=49.007, CAS 143-33-9) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Gradient Problem From The Lab

SPE dla matrix effect w plasma

Drug quantification in human plasma. Matrix suppresses 40%. Which SPE type (MCX / HLB / C18)?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Slope (Δ%B/min)
Gradient volume (mL)
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

常见问题

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla sodium cyanide (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Column Choice Dilemma

What to set on the DAD for an unknown compound?

You do not know λ_max. The DAD covers 200–800 nm. Set it wide or narrow? Use bandwidth 4 or 16 nm?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

常见问题

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=49.007 (CAS 143-33-9) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Detection Gotcha

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.
Lesson learned (Student MSc, UW, 2024-10):
Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Data integrity — ALCOA+ w Empower

MHRA audit in 3 weeks. Empower history must show a complete audit trail. What to check in 150 sequences from 2026-Q1?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

常见问题

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla sodium cyanide (CAS 143-33-9) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.
Lesson learned (Student MSc, UW, 2024-10):
Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

事后分析 — 真实失败案例 经验教训

真实化学家的失误 — 发生了什么、什么有帮助、要避免什么。

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
发生了什么:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company 2025-02-10 Poziom 4/5
发生了什么:

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.

💡 Lekcja:

The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

Ask about this method

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 143-33-9). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
🧪
Ethyl ether
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
🧪
LABSA 96%
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Toluene
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Phthalic anhydride (MA)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 分析证书(CoA) CAS 143-33-9 MolGod_COA_2

数据库中无此产品的证书。

📚 科学参考文献(芝加哥作者-日期格式)——点击展开

批次管理与实验室认证标准——13个独立来源(ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG)。

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [链接 ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [链接 ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [链接 ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [链接 ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [链接 ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [链接 ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [链接 ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [链接 ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [链接 ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [链接 ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [链接 ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
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扩展参考文献 (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. 2017. "sodium cyanide poisoning." CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.96451. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Asplund, J. 1978. "Titration of cyanide and hexacyanoferrate(II) with silver nitrate—II Determination of sodium cyanide and sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) in a complexing agent." Talanta 25 (3): 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(78)80102-7. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Wakefield, B. J.. 1967. "The displacement of all six fluorine atoms from hexafluorobenzene by sodium cyanide in methanol." Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic: 72. https://doi.org/10.1039/j39670000072. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2454_01_01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Aerobic Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with Sodium Cyanide.". https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0390303.s001. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
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📚 参考文献(综合书目,芝加哥作者-日期格式) 120 条目

以上折叠面板中针对CAS号143-33-9引用的所有科学来源。格式: 《芝加哥格式手册》第17版,作者-日期系统.

🗄️ 科学数据库

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 143-33-9. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 143-33-9. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=143-33-9.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 143-33-9. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.

📐 标准/指南

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 书籍

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 科学文章(同行评审)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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