Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
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Eapearl Chemical

N-Methylformamide

NMF

CAS 123-39-7 EC 204-624-6 C₂H₅NO Precursor
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 21.09.2026

Specification

Product NameN-Methylformamide
Other NamesNMF
CAS No.123-39-7
EINECS No.204-624-6
MFC₂H₅NO
Molecular weight59.07
Purity99.5%
AppearanceColorless, transparent and viscous liquid
Density1.005-1.011 g/cm³
Melting point-4 ~ -3.8 °C
Boiling point180–185 °C
Solubility111 °C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Packaging and shipping

Drum180 kg
IBC Drum1127 kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
N-Methylformamide
N-Methylformamide
N-Methylformamide

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a colorless and transparent viscous liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Its chemical formula is C₂H₅NO and its molecular weight is 59.07. As a methylated derivative of amide, NMF, due to its extremely high dielectric constant, high boiling point, excellent solubility and relatively low toxicity, has become a key functional solvent and intermediate connecting traditional chemical industry and high-end manufacturing. It plays an indispensable role in fields such as pesticides, medicine, new energy batteries, electronic chemicals and special high-molecular materials.

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional chemical supplier in China, strictly adheres to all national laws and regulations regarding the management of hazardous chemicals. We are committed to providing our customers with high-quality, stable and reliable N-methylformamide (NMF) products, emphasizing its core value as a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent and key organic synthesis intermediate. At the same time, safety, compliance and greenness are placed at the top of our operational priorities. 

Product Introduction 

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a colorless and transparent viscous liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Its chemical formula is C₂H₅NO and its molecular weight is 59.07. As a methylated derivative of amide, NMF, with its extremely high dielectric constant, high boiling point, excellent solubility and relatively low toxicity, has become a key functional solvent and intermediate connecting traditional chemical industry and high-end manufacturing. It plays an indispensable role in fields such as pesticides, medicine, new energy batteries, electronic chemicals and special high-molecular materials.

The core value of NMF lies in its high boiling point, strong polarity and good thermal stability, which gives it unique advantages in processes requiring high temperature, high polarity and inert reaction environments.

Pesticide synthesis (traditional core application):

Key intermediates: They are important intermediates for synthesizing highly effective and low-toxicity insecticides and acaricides such as monomethylphosoline and dimethylphosoline.

Pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis (high growth, high value-added field):

Efficient solvents and reaction media: Due to its excellent polar non-polar characteristics, it is widely used in peptide synthesis, heterocyclic construction, chiral resolution and the synthesis of key raw materials for drugs such as nucleosides, cephalosporins, and anti-tumor drugs (such as osimetin), as well as reaction media in the formulation of electrolytes. Its relatively lower toxicity (compared to DMF) gives it an advantage in high-end drug synthesis.

New energy battery materials (emerging high-growth field):

Key components of lithium battery electrolytes: Due to its extremely high dielectric constant (~180) and wide electrochemical window, it is used as a key solvent or co-solvent in the synthesis of new lithium salts (such as LiFSI, LiTFSI), the preparation of solid electrolyte precursors, and the formulation of electrolytes, effectively improving ionic conductivity, improving low-temperature performance and cycle stability. In new energy storage systems such as zinc-ion batteries, NMF is also studied for use in constructing high-safety, dendrite-free electrolyte systems.

Electronic chemicals and precision manufacturing (highest technical barriers field):

Semiconductor and display materials: Electronic-grade high-purity NMF is used in the preparation of stripping solutions for photomasks in semiconductor manufacturing, wafer cleaning (metal ion chelation), and the preparation of OLED liquid crystal orientation agents, with extremely high requirements for purity (metal ions ≤ 1 ppm), moisture (≤ 50 ppm), and batch stability.

Special polymers and fibers:

High-performance solvents: Excellent solubility for special high-molecular materials such as polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, and aramid, applicable to wet spinning, film formation and other processes.

Other fields: Used as a selective extraction solvent in petrochemicals, a solvent for synthetic leather and artificial leather, and a reaction medium for the synthesis of dyes and fragrances.

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.

Delivery&Payment method

N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a high-boiling-point, highly polar non-protic solvent, which is used in the production of electrolytes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is N-Methylformamide shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (180 kg), IBC Drum (1127 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for N-Methylformamide?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.5%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on N-Methylformamide

Related products

🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D N-Methylformamide, CAS 123-39-7, formula molecolare C2H5NO, massa molare 59.07 g/mol

Dati trascritti da registri normativi e letteratura tecnica, con indicazione della fonte e dell'edizione. Non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza del fornitore. I campi privi di fonte registrata sono contrassegnati come tali.

📊 Dati chimico-fisici — CAS 123-39-7MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: C2H5NO
MW: 59.07 g/mol
CAS: 123-39-7
🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: CNC=O

Ultimo aggiornamento: non confermata

Panoramica chimica: N-MethylformamideMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formula molecolareC2H5NO[1]
Peso molecolare59.07 g/mol[1]
Punto di fusione-3.8 °C[1]
Punto di ebollizione182.5 °C[1][2]
Densità1 g/cm³[1]
LogP (lipofilia)-1[1]
Nome IUPACN-methylformamide[1]
SMILESCNC=O[1]
InChIKeyATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Sinonimi: N-METHYLFORMAMIDE · 123-39-7 · Methylformamide · Formamide, N-methyl- · Monomethylformamide

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-09-21

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (2 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Formula molecolare · Peso molecolare · Punto di fusione · Punto di ebollizione · Densità · LogP (lipofilia) · Nome IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey
  2. NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. dotyczy: Punto di ebollizione

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]Doaj2026
Jerusha Singh Mahima, Mishra Pravi, Pandey Parmanand et al.. (2026). "Computational investigation of the gas-phase formation and spectroscopic analysis of cis-N-Methylformamide". EPJ Web of Conference
[2]Doaj2026
Jinjuan Ni, Huilai Liu, Dali Bao et al.. (2026). "Process optimization for suppressing N-methylformamide hydrolysis and methylamine generation in stripper solution". Desalination and Water Treatment.
[3]Doaj2026
Anil Kumar Nain, Abhimanyu Nain. (2026). "Viscosities and thermodynamics of viscous flow of N-methylformamide/N-methylacetamide + polyethylene glycol 200/300/400 binary systems: Experimental and theor
[4]Europe PMC2025
et al.. (2025). "Carbonyl stretching band in amides as Lorentz oscillator. Insights into anharmonicity and local environment in the liquid phase from NIR and MIR spectra of N-methylformamide and di-N,
[5]PubMed2024
Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C et al.. (2024). "Thermodynamic Study of N-Methylformamide and N,N-Dimethyl-Formamide.". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051110
[6]Doaj2024
Chinmay Parida, Pragin Chettiyankandy, Apramita Chand et al.. (2024). "Effects of urea on the aqueous solvation structure and dynamics of cis/trans-N-methylformamide: An insight from molecular dynamic
[7]Europe PMC2022
et al.. (2022). "Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012
[8]Europe PMC2019
et al.. (2019). "A dual-emitting Tb(iii)&Yb(iii)-functionalized coordination polymer: a "turn-on" sensor for N-methylformamide in urine and a "turn-off" sensor for methylglyoxal in serum.". https://do
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 19 refs · 4 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:doaj (5) · db:Europe PMC (12) · db:pubmed (1) · db:arxiv (1)

  1. db:doaj Jerusha Singh Mahima, Mishra Pravi, Pandey Parmanand et al.. (2026). "Computational investigation of the gas-phase formation and spectroscopic analysis of cis-N-Methylformamide". EPJ Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202638204002
  2. db:doaj Jinjuan Ni, Huilai Liu, Dali Bao et al.. (2026). "Process optimization for suppressing N-methylformamide hydrolysis and methylamine generation in stripper solution". Desalination and Water Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101799
  3. db:doaj Anil Kumar Nain, Abhimanyu Nain. (2026). "Viscosities and thermodynamics of viscous flow of N-methylformamide/N-methylacetamide + polyethylene glycol 200/300/400 binary systems: Experimental and theoretical exploration". Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctta.2025.100245
  4. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Carbonyl stretching band in amides as Lorentz oscillator. Insights into anharmonicity and local environment in the liquid phase from NIR and MIR spectra of N-methylformamide and di-N,N-methylformamide.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.124954
  5. db:pubmed Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C et al.. (2024). "Thermodynamic Study of N-Methylformamide and N,N-Dimethyl-Formamide.". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051110
  6. db:doaj Chinmay Parida, Pragin Chettiyankandy, Apramita Chand et al.. (2024). "Effects of urea on the aqueous solvation structure and dynamics of cis/trans-N-methylformamide: An insight from molecular dynamics simulation study". Chemical Physics Impact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100448
  7. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2022). "Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012-2019).". https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013450
  8. db:arxiv Ioannis Skarmoutsos, Ricardo L. Mancera, Stefano Mossa et al.. (2022). "Local intermolecular structure, hydrogen bonding and related dynamics in the liquid cis/trans N-methylformamide mixture: A density functional theory based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics study". arXiv (2209.01801v1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120085
  9. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2019). "A dual-emitting Tb(iii)&Yb(iii)-functionalized coordination polymer: a "turn-on" sensor for N-methylformamide in urine and a "turn-off" sensor for methylglyoxal in serum.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt02643f
  10. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2018). "Interfacial Structure and Interaction of Kaolinite Intercalated with N-methylformamide Insight from Molecular Dynamics Modeling.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.03.032
  11. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2014). "Photo-stability of peptide-bond aggregates: N-methylformamide dimers.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02518k
  12. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2014). "Spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies on the interactions of N-Methylformamide with superoxide dismutase.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.013
  13. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2011). "CH stretching vibration of N-methylformamide as a sensitive probe of its complexation: infrared matrix isolation and computational study.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20743a
  14. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2010). "How water links to cis and trans peptidic groups: the rotational spectrum of N-methylformamide-water.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c003649h
  15. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2009). "Use of N-methylformamide as a solvent in indium-promoted Barbier reactions en route to enediyne and epoxy diyne formation: comparison of rate and stereoselectivity in C-C bond-forming reactions with water.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jo900763u
  16. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2006). "Separation of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis using quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.038
  17. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2006). "Identification of potential genomic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity caused by reactive metabolites of N-methylformamide: Application of stable isotope labeled compounds in toxicogenomic studies.". https://doi.org/10.1021/tx060093j
  18. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2005). "Simultaneous determination of N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide, N-methylformamide and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cystein in urine samples from workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.001
  19. db:doaj Rodolfo Negri, Giovanna Costanzo, Raffaele Saladino et al.. (1996). "One-Step, One-Lane Chemical DNA Sequencing by N-Methylformamide in the Presence of Metal Ions". BioTechniques. https://doi.org/10.2144/96215rr04
Stato normativo della sostanza
Questa sostanza è soggetta a requisiti normativi: gestione dei rifiuti pericolosi (BDO). Dettagli nella sezione "Stato normativo (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" e nella scheda SDS. Informazione normativa — non limita l'acquisto nel negozio.
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometricoMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dati chimiciMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numero CAS
123-39-7
Formula molecolare
C2H5NO
Massa molare
59.07 g/mol
Nome IUPAC (EN)
N-methylformamide
SMILES
CNC=O
InChIKey
ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Scientific literature (20 articles)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C et al. · (2024) · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Filtra:
Ordina:
📈 Cronologia delle pubblicazioni
1996
2005
2006
2009
2010
2011
2014
2018
2019
2022
2024
2025
2026
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

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⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Temp. wrzenia
182.6
Density
1.004

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identificatori esterniMolGod_EXTID_1
14 su 16 sistemi ID88%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number123-39-7Apri →
PubChem CID31254[1]Apri →
InChIKeyATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Apri →
InChIInChI=1S/C2H5NO/c1-3-2-4/h2H,1H3,(H,3,4)[1]
SMILESCNC=O[1]
EC Number204-624-6[2]Apri →
ChEMBLCHEMBL9240[3]Apri →
KEGG CompoundC11489Apri →
HMDBHMDB0001122Apri →
ChemSpider28994[4]Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)C002950Apri →
UNII (FDA)XPE4G7Y986Apri →
NSC Number (NCI)3051Apri →
WikiData QIDQ138742Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografia (estesa) (6)

  1. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Colin Andrew Bill. 1987. "Studies of the mechanism of antitumour activity of N-methylformamide." Aston University. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Paul Gerard Pearson. 1985. "The metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N-Methylformamide." University of Aston. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Lide, David R.. 2024. "N-Methylformamide." Handbook of Organic Solvents: 326-326. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003575191-326. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Anonymous. 2020. "N-Methylformamide." Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/sp1mft. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Damaskin, B. B., Safonov, V. A., Emets, V. V.. 2013. "Regression analysis of dependences of adsorption potential shifts on the charge in systems (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KI + (1 − m)c KClO4], (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KBr + (1 − m)c KClO4] and (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KCl + (1 − m)c KClO4]." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 49 (4): 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1023193513040058. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Skarmoutsos, Ioannis, Samios, Jannis. 2004. "Molecular dynamics of cis/transN-methylformamide liquid mixture using a new optimized all atom rigid force field." Chemical Physics Letters 384 (1-3): 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.096. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 123-39-7MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Banche dati di spettri spettroscopici — dati inline 9 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

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📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
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❓ Domande frequenti (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 123-39-7?
123-39-7 (CAS 123-39-7) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile?
What is the CAS number of 123-39-7?
The CAS number for 123-39-7 is 123-39-7. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile?
How should 123-39-7 be stored?
123-39-7 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Utile?
➕ Suggerisci una domanda
Scarica i file di strutturaMolGod_STRDL_1

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Fonte: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 31254

🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Inserisci la concentrazione N-Methylformamide in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 59.07 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Strutture molecolari similiMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Caricamento di strutture simili...

🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Seleziona la concentrazione
② Volume finale
③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chimica computazionaleMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Caricamento dei dati computazionali...

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 123-39-7MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Pericolo (Danger)
GHS07 — Irritante / nocivo
GHS07 Irritante / nocivo
GHS08 — Pericolo per la salute
GHS08 Pericolo per la salute

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

  • H360D — Può nuocere al feto.
  • H312 — Nocivo per contatto con la pelle.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P203 — Procurarsi, leggere e seguire tutte le istruzioni di sicurezza prima dell’uso.

✓ Classificazione armonizzata ai sensi dell'allegato VI del regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008 (classificazione ufficiale, vincolante). Numero indice: 616-056-00-X.

Riferimento (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "N-methylformamide, Index No. 616-056-00-X." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 123-39-7 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)
Stato farmacologico

Prekliniczny

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approvato

Preclinico — nessun dato da studi sull'uomo.

ChEMBL CHEMBL9240 ↗

Bibliografia (estesa) (6)

  1. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Colin Andrew Bill. 1987. "Studies of the mechanism of antitumour activity of N-methylformamide." Aston University. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Paul Gerard Pearson. 1985. "The metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N-Methylformamide." University of Aston. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Lide, David R.. 2024. "N-Methylformamide." Handbook of Organic Solvents: 326-326. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003575191-326. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Anonymous. 2020. "N-Methylformamide." Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/sp1mft. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Damaskin, B. B., Safonov, V. A., Emets, V. V.. 2013. "Regression analysis of dependences of adsorption potential shifts on the charge in systems (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KI + (1 − m)c KClO4], (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KBr + (1 − m)c KClO4] and (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KCl + (1 − m)c KClO4]." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 49 (4): 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1023193513040058. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Skarmoutsos, Ioannis, Samios, Jannis. 2004. "Molecular dynamics of cis/transN-methylformamide liquid mixture using a new optimized all atom rigid force field." Chemical Physics Letters 384 (1-3): 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.096. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 Project Planner — Gestore degli esperimenti di laboratorio NOVITÀ

Pianifica l'intero progetto di laboratorio: aggiungi esperimenti con reagenti, repliche e durata. Otterrai un diagramma di Gantt, una lista degli acquisti (con link al negozio!), un budget con un margine del 10% e una matrice dei rischi GHS.

🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecola
N-Methylformamide
Formula
C2H5NO
logP (XLogP3)
-1.00
Massa (g/mol)
59.07
Polarità
Idrofila (polare)

⚠️ Stima GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Nessun dato HSP di letteratura per questo CAS — precisione ±2 MPa½. Verificare sperimentalmente.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Solvente Compat. Ra Visuale GC-MS HPLC Applications Riferimenti
Water (H₂O)miscible
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonebrak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSObrak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFbrak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanebrak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenebrak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 123-39-7 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Verifica la compatibilità della reazione MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
2 0 0
Salute: 2/4
Infiammabilità: 0/4
Reattività: 0/4
Secondo NFPA 704 / calcolato dai codici H

Verifica se N-Methylformamide è compatibile con un altro reagente

📦 Matrice di compatibilità di stoccaggio
Acidi Bases Ossidanti Infiammabile Tossico Gazy
Acidi
Bases
Ossidanti
Infiammabile
Tossico
Gazy
✓ Conservabili insieme · ⚠ Attenzione · ✗ NON conservare insieme · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dati di compatibilità da: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
N-Methylformamide• Methylformamide / Formamide, N-methyl-• IUPAC: N-methylformamide• CAS: 123-39-7• EC: 204-624-6• Formula: C2H5NO• Massa: 59.07 g/molPERICOLOINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:H360D: Può nuocere al feto.H312: Nocivo per contatto con la pelle.P203: Procurarsi, leggere e seguire tutte le istruzioni di sicurezza primadell’uso.Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

Grafico radar di drug-likeness (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Zona verde = conformità ai criteri.

Dati predittivi — proprietà calcolate in silico (SMILES/RDKit). Non sostituiscono gli studi clinici. Non utilizzare per la valutazione di farmaci senza verifica sperimentale.

MW59.1LogP-1HBD1HBA1RotB0TPSA29.1 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=59, LogP=-1)✗ REOS (MW=59)✓ Lead-like Ro3
ProprietàValoreValutazione
Absorption (GI)alto
Permeabilità BBBsì (attraversa)
Biodisponibilità (Daina 2017)
55%
CYP450 profileCYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
Allerte PAINS1
Allerte Brenk0
pKa (pH 7.4)9 (predicted)
hERG (cardiotox.)✓ no
Substrato P-gp
Mutagenicità Ames✓ no
DILI (epatotox.)
LogS (solub. acq.)
Fonti (metodologia ADMET)
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. LoPachin, Richard M., and Terrence Gavin. 2014. "Molecular Mechanisms of Aldehyde Toxicity: A Chemical Perspective." Chemical Research in Toxicology 27 (7): 1081-1091.
  22. Jerusha Singh Mahima, Mishra Pravi, Pandey Parmanand et al.. (2026). "Computational investigation of the gas-phase formation and spectroscopic analysis of cis-N-Methylformamide". EPJ Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202638204002
  23. Jinjuan Ni, Huilai Liu, Dali Bao et al.. (2026). "Process optimization for suppressing N-methylformamide hydrolysis and methylamine generation in stripper solution". Desalination and Water Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101799
  24. Anil Kumar Nain, Abhimanyu Nain. (2026). "Viscosities and thermodynamics of viscous flow of N-methylformamide/N-methylacetamide + polyethylene glycol 200/300/400 binary systems: Experimental and theoretical exploration". Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctta.2025.100245
  25. et al.. (2025). "Carbonyl stretching band in amides as Lorentz oscillator. Insights into anharmonicity and local environment in the liquid phase from NIR and MIR spectra of N-methylformamide and di-N,N-methylformamide.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.124954
  26. Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C et al.. (2024). "Thermodynamic Study of N-Methylformamide and N,N-Dimethyl-Formamide.". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051110
  27. Chinmay Parida, Pragin Chettiyankandy, Apramita Chand et al.. (2024). "Effects of urea on the aqueous solvation structure and dynamics of cis/trans-N-methylformamide: An insight from molecular dynamics simulation study". Chemical Physics Impact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100448
  28. et al.. (2022). "Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012-2019).". https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013450
  29. Ioannis Skarmoutsos, Ricardo L. Mancera, Stefano Mossa et al.. (2022). "Local intermolecular structure, hydrogen bonding and related dynamics in the liquid cis/trans N-methylformamide mixture: A density functional theory based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics study". arXiv (2209.01801v1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120085
  30. et al.. (2019). "A dual-emitting Tb(iii)&Yb(iii)-functionalized coordination polymer: a "turn-on" sensor for N-methylformamide in urine and a "turn-off" sensor for methylglyoxal in serum.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt02643f
  31. et al.. (2018). "Interfacial Structure and Interaction of Kaolinite Intercalated with N-methylformamide Insight from Molecular Dynamics Modeling.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.03.032
  32. et al.. (2014). "Photo-stability of peptide-bond aggregates: N-methylformamide dimers.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02518k
  33. et al.. (2014). "Spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies on the interactions of N-Methylformamide with superoxide dismutase.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.013
  34. et al.. (2011). "CH stretching vibration of N-methylformamide as a sensitive probe of its complexation: infrared matrix isolation and computational study.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20743a
  35. et al.. (2010). "How water links to cis and trans peptidic groups: the rotational spectrum of N-methylformamide-water.". https://doi.org/10.1039/c003649h
  36. et al.. (2009). "Use of N-methylformamide as a solvent in indium-promoted Barbier reactions en route to enediyne and epoxy diyne formation: comparison of rate and stereoselectivity in C-C bond-forming reactions with water.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jo900763u
  37. et al.. (2006). "Separation of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis using quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.038
  38. et al.. (2006). "Identification of potential genomic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity caused by reactive metabolites of N-methylformamide: Application of stable isotope labeled compounds in toxicogenomic studies.". https://doi.org/10.1021/tx060093j
  39. et al.. (2005). "Simultaneous determination of N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide, N-methylformamide and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cystein in urine samples from workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.001
  40. Rodolfo Negri, Giovanna Costanzo, Raffaele Saladino et al.. (1996). "One-Step, One-Lane Chemical DNA Sequencing by N-Methylformamide in the Presence of Metal Ions". BioTechniques. https://doi.org/10.2144/96215rr04
  41. Colin Andrew Bill. 1987. "Studies of the mechanism of antitumour activity of N-methylformamide." Aston University. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  42. Paul Gerard Pearson. 1985. "The metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N-Methylformamide." University of Aston. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  43. Anonymous. 2020. "N-Methylformamide." Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/sp1mft. [DOI ↗]
  44. Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
  45. Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
  46. Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
  47. Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
  48. Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
  49. Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
  50. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
  51. Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
  52. G. W. Milner. 1983. "Development of methods for the determination of n-methylformamide and its degradation product methylamine in sterile aqueous solutions of n-methylformamide." The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton, Department of Physical Sciences.
  53. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  54. ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency.
  55. Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179.
🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

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📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 123-39-7MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 19 publications
🏆 CAS 123-39-7 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2018) · Applied Clay Science
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 8.79 Industria Citations: 6 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C et al. (2024) · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2024) · open access
    SCORE 8.58 Meccanismo Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2025) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 8.35 Meccanismo Citations: 4 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    Chinmay Parida, Pragin Chettiyankandy, Apramita Chand et al. (2024) · Chemical Physics Impact
    Perché è importante: Recente (2024) · open access
    SCORE 7.95 Meccanismo Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Jinjuan Ni, Huilai Liu, Dali Bao et al. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 7.55 Industria Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    Ioannis Skarmoutsos, Ricardo L. Mancera, Stefano Mossa et al. (2022) · arXiv (2209.01801v1)
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 6.65 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Rodolfo Negri, Giovanna Costanzo, Raffaele Saladino et al. (1996) · BioTechniques
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 6.54 Meccanismo Citations: 26 Open Access DOI ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2014) · Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 6.41 Analitica Citations: 15 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    Jerusha Singh Mahima, Mishra Pravi, Pandey Parmanand et al. (2026) · EPJ Web of Conferences
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Analitica Open Access DOI ↗
  11. #11
    Anil Kumar Nain, Abhimanyu Nain (2026) · Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  12. #12
    et al. (2019) · Dalton Transactions
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.56 Meccanismo Citations: 8 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2010) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.32 Meccanismo Citations: 31 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    et al. (2009) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 4.96 Meccanismo Citations: 7 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    et al. (2005) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 4.94 Analitica Citations: 6 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    et al. (2011) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3.81 Analitica Citations: 7 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (2014) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3.43 Analitica Citations: 2 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (2006) · Chemical Research in Toxicology
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3.12 Farmacologia Citations: 10 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    et al. (2006) · Analytica Chimica Acta
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 1.43 Meccanismo Citations: 2 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
🔬 HPLC — metodi e parametri — CAS 123-39-7MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
📈 Gradiente HPLC — ottimizzatore (LSS) MODELLO

Gradiente basato su PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, cap. 9).

  • Colonna: C18
  • Tampone: phosphate
  • Flusso: 1 mL/min
  • logP: -1 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Ramp: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
  • Tempo totale di analisi: 23 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Commento
0 95 5 1 avvio (equilibrio)
2 95 5 1 fine mantenimento iniziale
12 5 95 1 fine rampa LSS
17 5 95 1 lavaggio della colonna
18 95 5 1 ritorno a init
23 95 5 1 riequilibrazione
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/123-39-7

📐 Dimensioni della colonna — calcolatore van Deemter N=12,466

Formula: H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).

Dimensions150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Piatti teorici (N)12,466
N a u_opt12,500
HETP (attuale)12.032 µm
Min. HETP12 µm
Velocità lineare (u)0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)0.12 cm/s
Contropressione (ΔP)42.1 bar
Tempo di analisi (volume morto)2.49 min
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
  2. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
  3. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
  4. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
  6. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
  7. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
  8. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
  9. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/column/123-39-7

🧪 Fase mobile — matrice di compatibilità MISCIBLE
Componente Nome UV cutoff (nm) P' Rivelatori
Solv. Acetonitrile (MeCN) 190 5.8 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Solv. Water 190 10.2 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Tampone Phosphate (KH2PO4 / K2HPO4) 195 pH 2.0-3.0 / 6.5-8.0 / 11.0-12.5 MS ✗

Rivelatore: UV — compatibile con entrambi i solventi.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
  2. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
  4. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
  5. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
  6. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
  7. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
  8. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/mobile-phase?solvent_a=...&solvent_b=...

Guida completa al metodo HPLC Revisione paritaria

Scenari specifici per la molecola, risoluzione dei problemi e riferimenti bibliografici

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 123-39-7) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
-1.3 min
Range: 0.5 – -1.69
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
220 nm
confidence: low
Amide group → 220 nm
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 8.465 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Un vero problema del chimico

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Come lo risolviamo

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Calcolatore interattivo

Deep Education

Comprendere la chimica della fase mobile

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika
Total/quarter

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter
Guards / quarter
Downtime wymiany (h)
Total/quarter

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift
Shifts potrzebnych
Koszt pracy
Savings
Total annual savings:

Domande frequenti

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=59.07, CAS 123-39-7) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Transfer metody z HPLC na UHPLC

Your HPLC 4.6×250mm 5μm method works. You have to make a UHPLC version 2.1×50mm 1.7μm. How to scale it (Neue/Jorgenson)?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Slope (Δ%B/min)
Gradient volume (mL)
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Domande frequenti

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla N-methylformamide (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Column Choice Dilemma

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Domande frequenti

Rule of thumb: analytes MW10000 (proteins) → pore 1000 Å. For MW=59.07 (CAS 123-39-7) use a standard C18 100 Å column.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Detection Gotcha

What is „system suitability" and do I have to do it?

The teacher said „run an SST". You have no idea what that is. The USP method has a checklist — 4 parameters. Which are critical?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

High-throughput screening 100+ samples/day

Lab QC — 100 samples a day. 23 min per sample = 38h (impossible). You need a fast method <5 min + column switcher.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Domande frequenti

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla N-methylformamide (CAS 123-39-7) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Pressure too high — what next?

Pressure rises to 400 bar (max 300 for this column). The system is blaring an alarm. Do you shut the pump down? Yes/no?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analisi forense — storie reali di fallimenti Lezioni apprese

Veri incidenti di chimici — cosa è successo, cosa ha aiutato, cosa evitare.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
Cosa è successo:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

FDA finding — audit trail disabled

Director of QC, pharma 2025-11-04 Poziom 5/5
Cosa è successo:

FDA inspection Q3 2025. Warning Letter: "Empower audit trail disabled w 3 sekwencjach 2024-12". Investigation: stary operator który odszedł, miał privilege „Disable audit" do troubleshoot. NIKT nie wyłączył mu privileged after departure.

💡 Lekcja:

Privileged access review MONTHLY. Disable audit trail should never be enabled on prod. HR offboarding MUST trigger IT access revocation. Cost: 483 forms + 6 months of remediation.

Ask about this method

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Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 123-39-7). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
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📄 Certificati di Analisi (CoA) CAS 123-39-7 nessuno MolGod_COA_2

Nessun certificato per questo prodotto nel database.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di gestione dei lotti e di certificazione di laboratorio — 13 fonti indipendenti (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
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Bibliografia (estesa) (6)

  1. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Colin Andrew Bill. 1987. "Studies of the mechanism of antitumour activity of N-methylformamide." Aston University. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★★★★ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Paul Gerard Pearson. 1985. "The metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N-Methylformamide." University of Aston. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link [consultato: 2026-09-21] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Lide, David R.. 2024. "N-Methylformamide." Handbook of Organic Solvents: 326-326. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003575191-326. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Anonymous. 2020. "N-Methylformamide." Definitions. https://doi.org/10.32388/sp1mft. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Damaskin, B. B., Safonov, V. A., Emets, V. V.. 2013. "Regression analysis of dependences of adsorption potential shifts on the charge in systems (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KI + (1 − m)c KClO4], (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KBr + (1 − m)c KClO4] and (Tl-Ga)/[N-methylformamide + mc KCl + (1 − m)c KClO4]." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 49 (4): 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1023193513040058. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Skarmoutsos, Ioannis, Samios, Jannis. 2004. "Molecular dynamics of cis/transN-methylformamide liquid mixture using a new optimized all atom rigid force field." Chemical Physics Letters 384 (1-3): 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.096. link [consultato: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
Dati da PubChemFonte: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 121 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 123-39-7.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 123-39-7. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 123-39-7. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=123-39-7.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 123-39-7. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Siti web

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
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