Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.
L-Phenylalanine (CAS 63-91-2) is an essential amino acid widely used across industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and animal nutrition. From a procurement perspective, it is valued for its high purity, stable chemical properties, and important role as a key building block in protein synthesis and metabolic processes.
Product Description
L-Phenylalanine (CAS 63-91-2) is an essential amino acid widely used across industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and animal nutrition. From a procurement perspective, it is valued for its high purity, stable chemical characteristics, and its critical role as a precursor in protein synthesis and various metabolic pathways.
In food and beverage applications, L-Phenylalanine is commonly used as a nutritional fortifier and as a key component in the production of high-intensity sweeteners such as aspartame. Its consistent quality and stability enable manufacturers to maintain reliable taste profiles and product performance.
Within the nutraceutical and dietary supplement sector, L-Phenylalanine is utilized in formulations aimed at supporting cognitive function, mood balance, and overall metabolic health. Its compatibility with other amino acids and active ingredients allows for flexible formulation in capsules, tablets, and powder blends.
In pharmaceutical applications, L-Phenylalanine serves as an important intermediate and active component in specific therapeutic formulations. Its well-defined purity and controlled production standards are essential for meeting strict regulatory requirements.
In animal nutrition, L-Phenylalanine is used as a feed additive to improve protein utilization and support growth performance, contributing to more efficient feed formulations.
From a sourcing and supply chain standpoint, high-quality L-Phenylalanine provides:
High purity with strict impurity control
Stable chemical properties and long shelf life
Consistent batch-to-batch quality
Compliance with food grade and pharmaceutical grade standards
Flexible packaging options and reliable global supply
For buyers focused on product quality, formulation flexibility, and regulatory compliance, L-Phenylalanine is a reliable and versatile amino acid ingredient across multiple application sectors.
Delivery&Payment method
Frequently asked
Is a safety data sheet available for L-Phenylalanine?
Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.
What purity do you supply?
The standard grade is 99.5%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.
Modèle 3D L-Phenylalanine, CAS 63-91-2, formule brute C9H11NO2, masse molaire 165.19 g/mol
Données transcrites à partir de registres réglementaires et de la littérature spécialisée, avec indication de la source et de l'édition. Elles ne remplacent pas la fiche de données de sécurité du fournisseur. Les champs sans source enregistrée sont signalés comme tels.
📊 Données physicochimiques — CAS 63-91-2MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊Propriétés physicochimiques
Aperçu rapide
Formule :C9H11NO2
MW :165.19 g/mol
CAS :63-91-2
Aspect :Prisms form water
Odeur :Slight
Propriétés détaillées
A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
dotyczy: Point de fusion · Point d'ébullition · Solubilité dans l'eau · logP (octanol/eau)
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
dotyczy: Formule brute · Masse moléculaire · Point de fusion · LogP (lipophilie) · Nom IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2614
MOLECULE
Bibliographie par CAS (en direct depuis 13+ bases de données)
Sources : db:pubmed (2) · db:doaj (1)
db:pubmed
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296 →
db:pubmed
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876 →
db:doaj
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298 →
Statut réglementaire de la substance
Aucune entrée pour ce CAS dans les listes de restrictions vérifiées (liste candidate SVHC, REACH Annexe XVII ; ensembles de données incomplets - il ne s'agit pas d'une confirmation de conformité). Classification CLP et statut de transport (ADR) : voir la section GHS et la fiche de données de sécurité (SDS).
🧮 Calculateur stœchiométriqueMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Données chimiquesMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numéro CAS
63-91-2
Formule brute
C9H11NO2
Masse molaire
165.19 g/mol
Nom IUPAC (EN)
(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
SMILES
C1=CC=C(C=C1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
InChIKey
COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N
📚 Scientific literature (1 article)MolGod_LITSCI_1
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗
dotyczy: EC Number
ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗
dotyczy: ChEMBL
ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗
dotyczy: ChemSpider
Dalsza literatura
Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.
Bibliographie (étendue) (10)
★★★★★CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ vérifiéJakka SR; Mugesh G. 2026. "p-Benzoyl-l-phenylalanine as a Multifunctional Noncanonical Amino Acid in Synthetic Biology: Photoprobing, Photocatalysis, and Structural Programming for Biocontainment." Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]
★★★★★CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ vérifiéZhang D; Liu B; Hu L et al.. 2023. "A novel L-phenylalanine dipeptide inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation by targeting TNFSF9." Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]
★★★★½CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ vérifiéMORRIS CJ; THOMPSON JF. 1962. "The isolation and characterization of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine and gamma-L-glutamyl-L-phenylalanine from soybeans." Biochemistry.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéTanchai, Nipawan. "Improvement of the phenylalanine dehydrogenase immobilization method for the production of phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2007.1012.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Self-Assembly of Phenylalanine-Leucine, Leucine-Phenylalanine and Cyclo(-leucine-phenylalanine) Dipeptides through Simulations and Experiments.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08576.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_04_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine Binding Is Linked to Dimerization of the Regulatory Domain of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.". https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501109s.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_05_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★☆☆☆☆CANONICAL_PAPERS❓ ?✓ vérifiéEspinoza-González Á; Hernández-Valencia C; Cedeño-Caero L et al.. 2023. "Protease-catalyzed synthesis of α-poly-L-Lysine and amphiphilic poly(L-lysine-co-L-phenylalanine) in a neat non-toxic organic solvent." Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]
★☆☆☆☆OPENLIBRARY🔓 LIBREMaria Yeng-Ying Kuo. 1977. "A kinetic study of the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of Cinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (CinGP) and Hydrocinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (HCinGP) / by Maria Yeng-Ying Kuo." Miami University.lien[consulté: 2026-11-03]CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 63-91-2MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊Bases de données de spectres spectroscopiques — données inline9 sourcesMolGod_SPECDB_2
Les spectres sont récupérés à la demande depuis 9 sources. Chaque spectre est enregistré dans notre base — la prochaine ouverture = zéro requête vers l'API externe. Téléchargez JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG pour chaque spectre sans avoir à chercher.
Les données sont récupérées une seule fois (analyseur JCAMP-DX) et enregistrées dans la base locale de l'extension. Aucun téléchargement en double, aucune requête NIST lors des ouvertures suivantes. Licences respectées (seuls un lien profond et notre propre visualisation sont publiés).
Données récupérées en direct depuis plusieurs sources (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibles au téléchargement sous chaque spectre.
IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier
Chargement de IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier…
MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)
Chargement de MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)…
Spectre NMR — déplacements chimiques prédits
Valeurs de référence tabulées (1H et 13C) pour le CAS 63-91-2. Sources bibliographiques : Gottlieb 1997, Pretsch 2009, Silverstein 2014.
Données de référence issues de la littérature. Vérifiez par rapport à un spectre de référence avant toute utilisation analytique.
1H NMR (DMSO-d6)
δ (ppm)
Multiplicité
Intégration
J (Hz)
Attribution
8.06
br s
3
—
NH3+ (broad)
7.26
m
5
—
aromatic H-2,3,4,5,6
3.96
m
1
—
alpha-CH
3.02
dd
1
13.4
beta-CH2 (Ha)
2.73
dd
1
10.0
beta-CH2 (Hb)
Source de données : SDBS; Pretsch 2009
13C NMR (DMSO-d6)
δ (ppm)
Multiplicité
Intégration
J (Hz)
Attribution
170.40
s
—
—
COOH (C=O)
137.30
s
—
—
C-1 (ipso)
129.50
s
—
—
C-3,5 (meta)
128.80
s
—
—
C-2,6 (ortho)
127.10
s
—
—
C-4 (para)
54.00
s
—
—
alpha-C
36.50
s
—
—
beta-CH2
Source de données : SDBS; Pretsch 2009
Bibliographie (Chicago auteur-date)
Aue, W. P., E. Bartholdi, and R. R. Ernst. 1976. "Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy. Application to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Journal of Chemical Physics 64 (5): 2229–2246. [DOI]
Bodenhausen, Geoffrey, and D. J. Ruben. 1980. "Natural Abundance Nitrogen-15 NMR by Enhanced Heteronuclear Spectroscopy." Chemical Physics Letters 69 (1): 185–189.
Bax, Ad, and Donald G. Davis. 1985. "MLEV-17-Based Two-Dimensional Homonuclear Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 65 (2): 355–360.
Gottlieb, Hugo E., Vadim Kotlyar, and Abraham Nudelman. 1997. "NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities." Journal of Organic Chemistry 62 (21): 7512–7515. [DOI]
Harris, Robin K., Edwin D. Becker, Sonia M. Cabral de Menezes, Pierre Granger, Roy E. Hoffman, and Kurt W. Zilm. 2008. "Further Conventions for NMR Shielding and Chemical Shifts (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80 (1): 59–84. [DOI]
Fulmer, Gregory R., Alexander J. M. Miller, Nathaniel H. Sherden, Hugo E. Gottlieb, Abraham Nudelman, Brian M. Rosen, Virgil Percec, and Paul J. Chirik. 2010. "NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities." Organometallics 29 (9): 2176–2179. [DOI]
Levitt, Malcolm H. 2008. Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-51117-6
Friebolin, Horst. 2010. Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. 5th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-32782-9
Berger, Stefan, and Siegmar Braun. 2004. 200 and More NMR Experiments: A Practical Course. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31067-8
Sanders, Jeremy K. M., and Brian K. Hunter. 1993. Modern NMR Spectroscopy: A Guide for Chemists. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855514-8
Bovey, Frank A., and Peter A. Mirau. 1996. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-119765-8
Becker, Edwin D. 2000. High Resolution NMR: Theory and Chemical Applications. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-084660-9
Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. Organic Structures from Spectra. 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-32498-1
🔎 Recherche par spectre (JCAMP-DX)
Téléversez un fichier JCAMP-DX (.jdx, .dx, .jcm) — le système calculera la similarité cosinus par rapport à tous les spectres de la base de données et affichera les TOP 10 correspondances.
📚 Bibliographie (Chicago)
McLafferty, Fred W., ed. 2018. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 11th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Une bibliothèque MS de référence (~775k spectres).
Stein, Stephen E., and Donald R. Scott. 1994. "Optimization and Testing of Mass Spectral Library Search Algorithms for Compound Identification." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 5 (9): 859–866. L'algorithme cosine + dot-product de NIST MS Search.
McDonald, Robert S., and Paul A. Wilks Jr. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. La spécification JCAMP-DX (étendue à 5.01 pour NMR/MS).
McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Appariement par similarité cosinus et fragmentation MS — le fondement de l'algorithme de recherche.
Sumner, Lloyd W., Alexander Amberg, Dave Barrett, Michael H. Beale, Richard Beger, Clare A. Daykin, Teresa W.-M. Fan, et al. 2007. "Proposed Minimum Reporting Standards for Chemical Analysis." Metabolomics 3 (3): 211–221. MSI Level 1-4 — normes de niveau de confiance pour l'appariement spectral.
Stein, Stephen E. 1999. "An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 (8): 770–781. L'algorithme AMDIS — déconvolution + library match (NIST).
Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Entrées encyclopédiques sur la recherche en bibliothèque spectrale.
Smith, Brian C. 2011. "Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. FT-IR et le format JCAMP-DX pour les spectres de transmission.
Larkin, Peter. 2017. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation." 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Principes de l'appariement en bibliothèque IR/Raman et du prétraitement des pics.
Propriétés structurellesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1
Chargement des données structurelles...
❓ Questions fréquentes (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 63-91-2?
63-91-2 (CAS 63-91-2) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile ?
What is the CAS number of 63-91-2?
The CAS number for 63-91-2 is 63-91-2. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile ?
How should 63-91-2 be stored?
63-91-2 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Utile ?
➕ Proposer une question
Télécharger les fichiers de structureMolGod_STRDL_1
Fichiers de structure moléculaire issus de la base PubChem (NIH). Compatibles avec les logiciels : Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW
±0.1% (depends on MW precision)
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³
Exact
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin
T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15
±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
±0.1 °F
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL
±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 sources faisant autorité)
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008 → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7 → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗ → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗ → General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗ → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010 → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5 → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Structures moléculaires similairesMolGod_SIMSTR_1
Chargement des structures similaires...
🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution WIZARDMolGod_PREP_1
Avis sur les limitations des données. Les informations de sécurité figurant sur cette page sont fournies à titre indicatif et ne remplacent pas une fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) complète. Avant d'utiliser le produit, consultez la fiche de données de sécurité actuelle du fabricant ainsi que les directives GHS/CLP. La classification CLP s'applique à la substance pure en vrac, et non aux préparations commerciales.
Aucune classification GHS harmonisée pour cette substance — voir la fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) actuelle du fournisseur.
☢️ Données toxicologiques (IARC + EPA CTX)
🧬 Classification de cancérogénicité IARC
Classification IARC :
Aucune entrée IARC individuelle pour ce CAS
Aucune monographie IARC distincte dans les listes vérifiées — ceci N'EST PAS une confirmation de l'absence de cancérogénicité. Vérifiez la classification CLP/GHS (section CMR / GHS).
📚 Sources :
IARC Monographs (WHO) Dernière vérification : 2026-09-21
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296 [DOI]
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876 [DOI]
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298 [DOI]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans." Lyon: IARC. 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "ECOTOX Knowledgebase." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2024. "Chemical Safety Assessment." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
U.S. National Toxicology Program. 2024. Report on Carcinogens. 15th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 🔗
GESTIS. 2024. "GESTIS Substance Database." Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2023. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP), Annex VI — Harmonised Classification." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
Leist, Marcel, et al. 2014. "Consensus Report on the Future of Animal-Free Systemic Toxicity Testing." ALTEX 31 (3): 341–356. [DOI]
Hartung, Thomas. 2009. "Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century." Nature 460 (7252): 208–212. [DOI]
Lenga, Robert E., ed. 2008. The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data. 2nd ed. Milwaukee: Sigma-Aldrich.
Slikker, William Jr., et al. 2004. "Dose-Dependent Terminal and Tissue Residues After Chronic Exposure." Toxicological Sciences 81 (2): 253–279. [DOI]
Calabrese, Edward J., and Linda A. Baldwin. 2003. "Toxicology Rethinks Its Central Belief." Nature 421 (6924): 691–692. [DOI]
📋 Conformité réglementaire (liste de contrôle de conformité)0 requis7 éléments
ℹ️ Liste de contrôle des obligations réglementaires pour CAS 63-91-2.
Statut basé sur : ADR 2025 (Tableau A), REACH Annexe XVII, CLP Annexe VI (classification harmonisée), hazard class de m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS et VLEP PL. Principe : absence de données = absence d'affirmation (NOUS ne déclarons pas « absence de restrictions » sans fondement).
✅FDS (fiche de données de sécurité) disponiblesatisfait
Comment assurer la conformité : Exigence : FDS à jour conforme au Règl. 1907/2006 (REACH) Annexe II, format à 16 sections.
Base légale : Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Annex II
Comment assurer la conformité : Brak potwierdzonej klasyfikacji dla tej substancji — obowiązku etykiety CLP NIE MOŻNA ORZEC. Nie zakładaj ani obowiązku, ani jego braku: zweryfikuj samoklasyfikację dostawcy oraz wpis w CLP zał. VI przed wprowadzeniem do obrotu.
Base légale : Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33
Comment assurer la conformité : Aucune donnée ADR dans le jeu de données MOL-GOD pour ce numéro CAS. Ne supposez PAS l'absence de restrictions — avant l'expédition, vérifiez la classification de transport dans l'ADR 2025 (Tableau A) ainsi que dans la section 14 de la fiche de données de sécurité (SDS).
Base légale : European Agreement ADR 2025 + Act of 19 August 2011 on the transport of dangerous goods
Comment assurer la conformité : Les importateurs/fabricants ≥1 tonne/an doivent enregistrer la substance auprès de l'ECHA (dossier technique + Chemical Safety Report si ≥10 t). Consultez ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.
Base légale : Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
Comment assurer la conformité : Statut SVHC non vérifié dans le jeu de données disponible — consulter la liste des substances candidates de l'ECHA à jour ; ne pas présumer l'absence d'entrée.
Base légale : REACH Art. 7(2) + 33 — SVHC notification + communication
❓Annexe XVII REACH (restrictions d'utilisation/commercialisation)à vérifier
Comment assurer la conformité : Brak wpisu w zbiorze klasyfikacji zharmonizowanej (CLP Załącznik VI) dla tego numeru CAS — status poz. 28–30 (zakaz CMR) NIEZWERYFIKOWANY; nie zakładać braku ograniczenia. Zbiór ograniczeń Załącznika XVII również niepełny — sprawdź skonsolidowany Załącznik XVII oraz klasyfikację zharmonizowaną CMR na stronach ECHA.
Base légale : Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII — restrictions on manufacture/placing on the market/use
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classification, étiquetage et emballage des substances + mélanges (mise en œuvre du GHS dans l'UE)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — enregistrement, évaluation et autorisation des produits chimiques ; SVHC ; SDS Annexe II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. [link ↗] — VLEP et VLEPc pour ~600 substances chimiques — limites polonaises actuelles d'exposition professionnelle
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2025. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — Accord international relatif au transport routier des marchandises dangereuses — numéros ONU, classes, emballages
📚 Références scientifiques consolidées — Chicago auteur-date 10 sources
Références collectées dans tous les onglets du Safety Hub. CAS : 63-91-2 ·
PubChem ↗
Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗]
GHS, Réglementations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8.
Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗]
Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗]
PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
Utylizacja, Regulacje
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗]
Magazynowanie
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗]
Magazynowanie
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗]
Utylizacja
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗]
Toksykologia
Les onglets possédant leurs propres références (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contiennent des entrées bibliographiques supplémentaires au sein de leurs sections respectives.
Collez une série de mesures répétées (CSV ou un nombre par ligne). Le calculateur calculera la moyenne, l'écart-type, l'IC à 95 %, et détectera les valeurs aberrantes (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
Séparateur : virgule, espace, tabulation, nouvelle ligne. Min. 3 mesures.
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéTanchai, Nipawan. "Improvement of the phenylalanine dehydrogenase immobilization method for the production of phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2007.1012.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Self-Assembly of Phenylalanine-Leucine, Leucine-Phenylalanine and Cyclo(-leucine-phenylalanine) Dipeptides through Simulations and Experiments.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08576.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_04_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine Binding Is Linked to Dimerization of the Regulatory Domain of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.". https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501109s.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_05_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★☆☆☆☆OPENLIBRARY🔓 LIBREMaria Yeng-Ying Kuo. 1977. "A kinetic study of the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of Cinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (CinGP) and Hydrocinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (HCinGP) / by Maria Yeng-Ying Kuo." Miami University.lien[consulté: 2026-11-03]CC0 (metadata)
📅Project Planner — Gestionnaire d'expériences de laboratoireNOUVEAU
Planifiez l'ensemble de votre projet de laboratoire : ajoutez des expériences avec réactifs, réplicats et durée. Vous obtiendrez un diagramme de Gantt, une liste d'achats (avec des liens vers la boutique !), un budget avec une marge de 10 % et une matrice de risques GHS.
💡 Connectez-vous pour enregistrer des projets.
Sans connexion, vous pouvez calculer mais pas enregistrer.
🧪 Solubilité et compatibilité avec les solvants MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molécule
L-Phenylalanine
Formule
C9H11NO2
logP (XLogP3)
-1.50
Masse (g/mol)
165.19
Polarité
Hydrophile (polaire)
⚠️ Estimation GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Aucune donnée HSP de la littérature pour ce CAS — précision ±2 MPa½. À vérifier expérimentalement.
Solvant
Compat.
Ra
Visuel
GC-MS
HPLC
Applications
Références
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..
Théorie de la solubilité (appliquée à la prédiction de la compatibilité) :
Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Triplet HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formule Ra.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Ensemble tabulaire complet de 250+ solvants (ε, μ, donicité, nombres accepteurs).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 63-91-2 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.
Bibliographie complète dans l'accordéon RÉFÉRENCES (en bas de la page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.
🧮 Calculateur de solubilité
Solubilité :—
logS:—
Méthode :—
⚠️ —
Solubilité vs température
🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)
⚠️ The Hansen parameters for this substance fall outside the range of the method.
At least one of the δD/δP/δH parameters fell outside the domain of validity of the group contribution method (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen), so the position of the molecule in Hansen space is unknown. The distance Ra is measured FROM THAT POINT — it cannot be calculated without knowing the point. The sphere and the distance table have been omitted rather than filled with numbers that have nothing behind them. Where a solubility measurement exists, it is shown in the table below.
Diagramme radar de drug-likeness (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Zone verte = conformité aux critères.
Données prédictives — propriétés calculées in silico (SMILES/RDKit). Elles ne remplacent pas les études cliniques. Ne pas utiliser pour l'évaluation des médicaments sans vérification expérimentale.
Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298
Tanchai, Nipawan. "Improvement of the phenylalanine dehydrogenase immobilization method for the production of phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2007.1012. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Self-Assembly of Phenylalanine-Leucine, Leucine-Phenylalanine and Cyclo(-leucine-phenylalanine) Dipeptides through Simulations and Experiments.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08576.s001. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Phenylalanine Binding Is Linked to Dimerization of the Regulatory Domain of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.". https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501109s.s001. [DOI ↗]
Maria Yeng-Ying Kuo. 1977. "A kinetic study of the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of Cinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (CinGP) and Hydrocinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (HCinGP) / by Maria Yeng-Ying Kuo." Miami University. ↗
Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
Sandra Lynn Elliott. 2001. "Enzyme-mediated degradation of L-phenylalanine based segmented polyurethaneureas." National Library of Canada. ↗
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency. ↗
Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179. ↗
🧪Assistant de préparation de solution (Smart Prep)MolGod_PREP_2
Saisissez ce que vous souhaitez préparer — je générerai un SOP
Exemples ci-dessous — cliquez pour insérer :
Recettes prédéfinies :
📚 Aperçu de la littérature scientifique — CAS 63-91-2MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Principales découvertes (littérature scientifique)6 publications
📊 Thèmes extraits automatiquement à partir des résumés de 1 publications pour CAS 63-91-2.
Algorithme : TF-IDF (Salton & Buckley 1988) — fréquence du terme × fréquence inverse de document.
🔗 Citation network (citation network)1 articles de départ
📊 Graf citations pour CAS 63-91-2.
Chaque nœud = un article scientifique, une arête A→B = l'article A cite B. Données d'OpenAlex (Priem 2022).
⚡ Récupérer les données du réseau
Réseau construit à la demande à partir de l'API OpenAlex (cache 24h).
🔬 HPLC — méthodes et paramètres — CAS 63-91-2MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 Méthodes HPLC/GC (2 metod)
📄
Insight Into the Metabolomic Characteristics of Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus by the Integrated LC-MS and GC-MS Approach- Preliminary Study
UHPLCFrontiers in Endocrinology202293% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Colonne : C18, 100 x 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm
Phase : consisting of acetonitrile (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid (mobile phase…
Détection : MS
Débit : 0.40 mL/min
Temp. : 80.0 °C
Inj.: 5 μL
Gradient: elution involved a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (mobile phase…
Wang M, Xu J, Yang N, Zhang T, Zhu H, Wang J. Insight Into the Metabolomic Characteristics of Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus by the Integrated LC-MS and GC-MS Approach- Preliminary Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;12:807318. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.807318
Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common metabolic complication after solid organ transplantation, which not only results in elevated microvascular morbidity, but also seriously impacts graft function and recipient survival. However, its underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based-metabolomics approach was adopted to dissect the metabolic fluctuations and deduce potential mechanism associated with PTDM. 68 adult liver transplant recipients were recruited and classified as 32 PTDM and 36 non-PTDM subjects. PTDM group and non-PTDM group were well matched in gender, age, BMI, family history of diabetes, alcohol drinking history, ICU length of stay and hepatitis B infection. Peripheral blood samples from these recipients were collected and prepared for instrument analysis. Data acquired from LC-MS and GC-MS demonstrated significant metabolome alterations between PTDM and non-PTDM subjects. A total of 30 differential metabolites (15 from LC-MS, 15 from GC-MS) were screened out. PTDM patients, compared with non-PTDM subjects, were characterized with increased levels of L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, LysoPE (16:0), LysoPE (18:0), LysoPC (18:0), taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, etc, and with decreased levels of LysoPC (16:1), LysoPC (18:2), LysoPE (22:6), LysoPC (20:4), etc. Taken collectively, this study demonstrated altered metabolites in patients with PTDM, which would provide support for enhancing mechanism exploration, prediction and treatment of PTDM.
Serum Metabolomics Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS
HPLCFrontiers in Cell and Developmental202186% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity)
Colonne : C18, 100 x 2.1 mm, 2.2 μm
Phase : A was 0.1% (volume fraction) formic acid/water, and mobile phase B was…
Détection : MS/MS
Temp. : 80.0 °C
Gradient: was set as follows: 2% B for 0–2 min, 50%…
Du Y, Fan P, Zou L, Jiang Y, Gu X, Yu J, et al. Serum Metabolomics Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021;9:593510. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.593510
This study examined metabolite profile differences between serum samples of thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC) patients and healthy controls, aiming to identify candidate biomarkers and pathogenesis pathways in this cancer type. Serum samples were collected from PTC patients (n = 80) and healthy controls (n = 80). Using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discrimination analysis(PLS-DA), orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), t-tests, and the volcano plot, a model of abnormal metabolic pathways in PTC was constructed. PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA analysis revealed differences in serum metabolic profiles between the PTC and control group. OPLS-Loading plot analysis, combined with Variable importance in the projection (VIP)>1, Fold change (FC) > 1.5, and p < 0.05 were used to screen 64 candidate metabolites. Among them, 22 metabolites, including proline betaine, taurocholic acid, L-phenylalanine, retinyl beta-glucuronide, alpha-tocotrienol, and threonine acid were upregulated in the PTC group; meanwhile, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, 2-arachidonylglycerol, citric acid, and other 42 metabolites were downregulated in this group. There were eight abnormal metabolic pathways related to the differential metabolites, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of PTC. Six metabolites yielded an area under the receiver operating curve of >0.75, specifically, 3-hydroxy-cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, aspartylphenylalanine, l-kynurenine, methylmalonic acid, phenylalanylphenylalanine, and l-glutamic acid. The Warburg effect was observed in PTC. The levels of 3-hydroxy-cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, aspartylphenylalanine, l-kynurenine, methylmalonic acid, phenylalanine, and L-glutamic acid may help distinguish PTC patients from healthy controls. Aspartic acid metabolism, glutamic acid metabolism, urea cycle, and tricarboxylic acid cycle are involved in the mechanism of PTC.
Gradient basé sur PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, chap. 9).
Colonne: C18
Tampon: phosphate
Débit: 1 mL/min
logP:
-1.5(PubChem XLogP3)
Rampe: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
Temps d'analyse total: 23 min
t (min)
%A
%B
flow (mL/min)
Commentaire
0
95
5
1
début (équilibre)
2
95
5
1
fin du palier initial
12
5
95
1
fin de la rampe LSS
17
5
95
1
lavage de la colonne
18
95
5
1
retour à init
23
95
5
1
rééquilibrage
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/63-91-2
📐 Dimensions de la colonne — calculateur de van DeemterN=12,466
Formule : H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).
Dimensions
150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Plateaux théoriques (N)
12,466
N à u_opt
12,500
HETP (actuelle)
12.032 µm
Min. HETP
12 µm
Vitesse linéaire (u)
0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)
0.12 cm/s
Contre-pression (ΔP)
42.1 bar
Temps d'analyse (volume mort)
2.49 min
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
Détecteur: UV
— compatible avec les deux solvants.
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. "Principles of Instrumental Analysis." 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. "UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications." Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-77479-9. →
Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-41138-4.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. →
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. →
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 →
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 →
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. →
Kim, Sunghwan, et al.. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51: D1373-D1380 →
MOLECULE
Bibliographie par CAS (en direct depuis 13+ bases de données)
Sources : db:pubmed (2) · db:doaj (1)
db:pubmed
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296 →
db:pubmed
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876 →
db:doaj
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298 →
REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/detector/63-91-2
🧪 Conformité du système — calculateur en direct (USP <621>)
Saisissez les données de 5-6 injections (aires, tr, traînée, plateaux) — le calculateur calcule le %RSD, les moyennes et vérifie la conformité à l'USP <621>. Vous pouvez coller un CSV (séparé par des virgules) ou modifier des valeurs individuelles.
📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
📊 Validation de la méthode HPLC (ICH Q2(R1))PARTIAL
3 of 3 critical metrics need experimental data
Paramètre
Valeur
Unité
Critère ICH Q2
Status
Linéarité (R²)
aucune donnée
unitless
R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 pour la bioanalytique)
—
LOD (S/N = 3:1)
aucune donnée
ng/mL
S/N ≥ 3:1 (concentration détectable la plus basse)
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
Normes de validation des méthodes analytiques — 4 sources indépendantes (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).
International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.
📐 Calculateur de symétrie de pic HPLC (USP Tf / As)
Calculez le facteur de traînée USP (T) et l'asymétrie (As) à partir des demi-largeurs du pic. Saisissez a (demi-largeur gauche) et b (demi-largeur droite) mesurées à 5% ou 10% de la hauteur du pic.
📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculateur de résolution et de nombre de plateaux (Rs, N, H)
Calculez la résolution Rs, le nombre de plateaux théoriques N et la HETP (H) pour une paire de pics HPLC. Saisissez les temps de rétention, les largeurs de pic (à 50% ou à la base) et la longueur de la colonne.
📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
🔧 Dépannage HPLC — arbre de décision6 problèmes courants
Diagnostic des 6 problèmes HPLC les plus courants avec un arbre de décision (5 étapes par problème). Source : Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.
Pics élargis (broad peaks) medium
Symptôme : Tous les pics du chromatogramme sont plus larges que prévu (FWHM > 2× la normale)
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. Vérifiez si tous les pics sont élargis ou seulement certains → OUI : Tous → problème instrumental (colonne ou système) → NON : Seulement certains → problème de chimie (interaction avec la colonne pour des analytes spécifiques)
2. Remplacez par une colonne de test — le problème disparaît-il ? → OUI : COLONNE usée — garnissage endommagé, void dans les premiers mm. Remplacez-la. → NON : Problème dans le système LC
3. Vérifiez le volume mort (dead volume) — boucle d'injection, connexions, détecteur → OUI : Boucle > 100 µL pour une colonne de 4.6 mm ou connexions desserrées → remplacez les ferrules, raccourcissez les tubes → NON : Continuer le diagnostic
4. Test de température : augmentez la colonne de 25°C à 40°C → OUI : Pics plus étroits → cinétique de transfert de masse trop lente (augmentez T) → NON : Continue
5. Vérifiez le débit par rapport à l'optimum de van Deemter pour cette colonne → OUI : Optimum pour 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, pour 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Colonne usée (>2000 injections sans précolonne)
Volume mort du système > 100 µL (mauvaise boucle, tubes longs, ferrules desserrées)
Température trop basse (cinétique de transfert de masse)
Débit hors de l'optimum de van Deemter
Solvant d'échantillon plus fort que la phase A
✓ Solutions :
✓ Remplacez la colonne (si >2000 injections)
✓ Vérifiez toutes les connexions — tubes aussi courts que possible
✓ Augmentez la T de la colonne à 40°C (si la substance est stable)
✓ Réduisez le débit à l'optimum de van Deemter
✓ Dissolvez l'échantillon dans la phase A (pas dans un solvant organique pur)
Traînée des pics (tailing, T > 1.5) high
Symptôme : Les pics présentent une "traînée" allongée du côté de l'élution tardive (asymétrie T = b/a > 1.5 selon l'USP)
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. La substance contient-elle des groupes basiques (amino, pyridine) ? → OUI : Oui → interactions silanol ! Ajoutez 0.1% de TFA ou 5-10 mM de TEA à la phase A. → NON : Continue
2. Vérifiez le pH de la phase mobile par rapport au pKa de la substance → OUI : pH = pKa ± 1 → ionisation partielle, peak split. Placez le pH à ≥ 2 unités du pKa. → NON : Continue
3. Vérifiez l'âge de la colonne (>1500 injections ?) → OUI : Oui → silanols exposés (column bleed). Remplacez par une colonne à endcapping supérieur (XTerra, Symmetry). → NON : Continue
4. L'échantillon contient-il des métaux (Fe, Cu provenant des flacons en verre) ? → OUI : Oui → utilisez des flacons incolores de type II ou en PFA. EDTA 0.1mM dans l'échantillon. → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Interactions silanol (analyte basique + silanols libres du gel de silice)
Surcharge de la colonne (>50 µg sur une colonne de 4.6mm)
✓ Solutions :
✓ Ajoutez 0.1% de TFA (UV) ou 0.1% d'acide formique (LC-MS) à la phase A
✓ Choisissez une colonne à endcapping haute pureté : Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
✓ Travaillez à un pH ≥ 2 unités du pKa
✓ EDTA 0.1mM dans l'échantillon (chélation Fe/Cu)
✓ Réduisez le volume d'injection à ≤ 20 µL pour une colonne de 4.6mm
Dérive de la ligne de base (baseline drift) medium
Symptôme : La ligne de base monte ou descend systématiquement pendant >5 minutes
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. Utilisez-vous un gradient (B% augmente) ? → OUI : Oui → absorption différente des phases A vs B à dλ. Changement de solvant dans la coupure UV. Vérifiez l'absorbance UV du % d'organique. → NON : Continuer (isocratique)
2. Vérifiez la température de la colonne — est-elle stable à ±0.5°C ? → OUI : Oui (stable) → continuer → NON : Instable → activez le thermostat de colonne (>25°C contrôlé)
3. Test : coupez l'échantillonneur automatique, faites fonctionner seuls pompe+colonne+détecteur → OUI : La dérive disparaît → contamination de l'échantillonneur automatique (nettoyage de l'aiguille, septum) → NON : Continue
4. Vérifiez l'âge de la lampe (D2 pour UV) → OUI : Oui (>1500 heures) → remplacez la lampe → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Élution en gradient avec coupure UV différente des phases
T de colonne instable
Contamination de l'aiguille/septum de l'échantillonneur automatique
Lampe UV ancienne (>1500h)
Cellule à circulation du détecteur encrassée
Colonne non équilibrée (<10 volumes de colonne)
✓ Solutions :
✓ Pré-équilibrez la colonne sur 10-15 volumes de colonne à 100% A
✓ Thermostat de colonne activé, T 30-40°C stable
✓ Nettoyez la cellule à circulation du détecteur avec une solution 50:50 ACN:H2O
✓ Remplacez la lampe D2 si >1500h
✓ Utilisez la soustraction de ligne de base (Chromeleon, fonction native d'Empower)
Absence de pic / pic perdu (no peak) critical
Symptôme : Le pic d'analyte attendu n'apparaît pas sur le chromatogramme
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. L'injection a-t-elle réellement eu lieu ? → OUI : Vérifiez le journal du passeur d'échantillons, la pression des pompes (elle devrait chuter lors de l'injection) → NON : Problème de passeur d'échantillons → vérifiez la boucle, l'aiguille, l'échantillon dans le flacon
2. L'échantillon est-il dans le flacon (volume correct, non évaporé) ? → OUI : Continue → NON : Pas d'échantillon — repipetez
3. Stabilité de l'échantillon — préparé il y a >24h ? → OUI : Oui → dégradation. Préparez un nouvel échantillon frais. → NON : Continue
4. Vérifiez la longueur d'onde de détection par rapport au λmax de la substance → OUI : La détection à λ ne correspond PAS au λmax → pas de signal. Scannez le DAD 200-400nm. → NON : Continue
5. Test : injectez un étalon pur (de concentration connue, frais) → OUI : L'étalon donne un pic → problème avec l'échantillon (matrice, dérivatisation) → NON : Pas de pic même avec l'étalon → problème du système (colonne, phase, gradient)
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Échantillon non prélevé du flacon (bug du passeur d'échantillons)
Échantillon dégradé (>24h pH/temp/lumière)
Détection à la mauvaise longueur d'onde
Phase mobile incorrecte (p. ex. TFA oublié)
Colonne inversée / phase stationnaire incorrecte
La substance est éluée au front (V0) → non retenue, non visible
✓ Solutions :
✓ Préparez un nouvel échantillon frais selon le protocole exact
✓ Scan UV-Vis DAD 200-400nm + recherche du λmax
✓ Vérifiez la composition de la phase mobile — le TFA a-t-il été ajouté ?
✓ Testez le sens inverse de la colonne (prudemment !)
✓ Pour une rétention <1 min — abaissez le % B, MeOH au lieu d'ACN
✓ Vérifiez le temps de rétention attendu dans la base de méthodes de l'extension
Pression trop élevée (pressure too high) critical
Symptôme : Pression des pompes > 80% du maximum de la colonne ou arrêt du système avec une erreur de haute pression
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. Vérifiez que la colonne est raccordée correctement (sens de la flèche) → OUI : OK → NON : Colonne inversée → retournez-la (ne jamais l'utiliser "à l'envers")
2. Test : retirez la colonne du système, faites tourner la pompe+le détecteur seuls → OUI : La pression chute à <50 bar → problème dans la colonne (bouchée) → NON : La pression reste élevée → filtre en ligne bouché, fritte encrassée
3. Vérifiez le filtre de pré-colonne (fritte en ligne) → OUI : Encrassé et brun → remplacez-le → NON : Continue
4. Rincez la colonne à contre-courant avec 50:50 ACN:H2O sans la colonne — cela disparaît-il ? → OUI : Particules coincées dans le premier mm — un rinçage de 30 min peut la récupérer → NON : Remplacez la colonne
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Filtre en ligne (fritte) bouché par des particules
Relargage du tampon (précipitation à un % B élevé)
L'échantillon contient des matières en suspension (filtrer à 0.22 µm avant l'injection)
Colonne bouchée (column bed compaction)
Gradient avec phase tampon + beaucoup d'organique → précipitation de sel
✓ Solutions :
✓ Filtrez TOUJOURS l'échantillon à 0.22 µm PVDF avant l'injection
✓ Remplacez le filtre en ligne toutes les 100 injections (ou lorsque la pression augmente de >20%)
✓ N'utilisez PAS >20mM de tampon phosphate + >70% d'ACN (le sel précipite)
✓ Rincez la colonne 30 min avec 50:50 ACN:H2O en sens inverse (lorsque le fabricant l'autorise)
✓ Pré-colonne 4×3mm pour protéger la colonne principale
Pics fantômes (ghost peaks) high
Symptôme : Pics inexpliqués sur le chromatogramme, absents de la calibration
🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
1. Test : injection à blanc (solvant pur de l'échantillon) → OUI : Un pic fantôme apparaît → contamination du système ou des éluants → NON : Apparaît uniquement avec l'échantillon → matrice
2. Le pic fantôme croît-il avec le gradient (élue à % B élevé) ? → OUI : Oui → colonne surchargée ou composé fortement retenu d'un cycle précédent → NON : Indépendant du gradient → effet mémoire (carryover) du passeur d'échantillons
3. Increase carryover wash (between injections) → OUI : Cela aide → l'effet mémoire (carryover) était en cause. Protocole de lavage plus puissant. → NON : Continue
4. Injection d'eau pure — y a-t-il un pic ? → OUI : Oui → contamination de la source d'eau (organiques provenant du système DI) → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
Effet mémoire (carryover) dans l'aiguille/la boucle du passeur d'échantillons
Contamination de l'éluant (même de qualité HPLC)
Composants fortement retenus de cycles précédents
Plastique dans les flacons (phtalates, PEG des capuchons)
Eau DI insuffisamment purifiée
✓ Solutions :
✓ Renforcez le protocole de lavage : 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cycles)
✓ Lavage puissant : DMSO 100% ou MeOH 100% avant la calibration
✓ Filtrez les éluants à 0.22 µm PTFE en cas de doute
✓ Utilisez du verre ambré + des capuchons à revêtement Téflon pour les échantillons
✓ Rampe de gradient périodique jusqu'à 100% B pendant 10 min (nettoyage)
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
📊
Guide complet de la méthode HPLC Évalué par les pairs
Scénarios spécifiques à la molécule, dépannage et références bibliographiques
📈 Molecular Predictor
The predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 63-91-2) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).
⏱️Retention Time
-2.55 min
Range: 0.5 – -3.32
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
👁️UV λmax
254 nm
confidence: medium
Aromatic ring detected → 254 nm optimal
🧪Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.027 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
⚗️Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
💉Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)
⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.
⚠ Vrai problème de chimiste
Your First HPLC Analysis Ever
Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.
Dla logP=-1.5 rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=165.19, CAS 63-91-2) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.
ICH Q2: 80-120% spec. Your reviewer wants 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL (4 decades). How to build 2 calibrations without bias?
✅ Our Gradient Strategy
Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes
🔧 Gradient Visualizer
Gradient Timeline
#
Time
%B start
%B end
Duration
Slope (Δ%B/min)
Step
Slope & Dwell Volume Test
—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)
💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.
📚 Snyder-Dolan LSS Model
Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.
❓ Questions fréquemment posées
Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid (logP=-1.5) → szacunkowe Rt=-2.55 min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.
Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.
Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)
Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005
EP 2.2.46European PharmacopoeiaCompliant
European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.
Harmonizowane z USP
System suitability identical do USP
Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"
Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46
JP 2.00Japanese PharmacopoeiaCompliant
Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.
Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
Japanese labs may require additional local validation
Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00
FDA 21 CFR 211cGMPCompliant
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).
§211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
§211.160 — laboratory controls
§211.165 — testing and release
§211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
Data integrity per ALCOA+
Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
ISO 17025Testing LabsAligned
International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.
Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
Traceability to SI units
Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017
📊 Method Comparison Matrix
Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.
Parametr
Nasza metoda ★
USP <621>
Literatura
Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna
Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm
L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm)
n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS)
Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size
3.5 μm
5 μm (USP default)
—
5 μm
Faza A
10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0
Phosphate buffer pH 2.5
—
0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B
Acetonitryl HPLC grade
Acetonitryl / Methanol
—
Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient
5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear)
Isocratic (preferowane w USP)
—
10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow
1.0 mL/min
1.5 mL/min
—
1.0 mL/min
Temperatura
30°C
25°C
—
40°C
Detekcja
UV 210 nm + 254 nm
UV 254 nm (standard USP)
—
DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime
23 min
30 min
—
25 min
Rs (typ.)
2.3
≥ 2.0
—
2.1
Walidacja
USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1)
USP <621> obligatoryjnie
—
Application note only
Solvent cost/run
~5 PLN/run
~7 PLN/run
—
~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note
🔧 Interactive Troubleshooting Tree
Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.
Temperatura kolumny niestabilna
55%
Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?
Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.
⏰ 5 min warm-up✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm)
40%
Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210
Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.
⏰ 2 min✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on
35%
Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?
Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.
⏰ 5 min✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low
20%
Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?
Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.
⏰ 10 min✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles
70%
Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?
Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.
⏰ 15 min💵 200 PLN✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki
60%
Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?
Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.
✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki
25%
Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?
Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.
✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH
70%
Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?
Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.
⏰ 15 min💵 10 PLN✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out
20%
Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?
Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.
⏰ 1h💵 20 PLN solvent✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample)
10%
Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?
Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.
⏰ 5 min✓ 90% success rate
❓ Questions fréquemment posées
Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid (CAS 63-91-2) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.
Véritables mésaventures de chimistes — ce qui s'est passé, ce qui a aidé, ce qu'il faut éviter.
FDA finding — audit trail disabled
Director of QC, pharma2025-11-04Poziom 5/5
Ce qui s'est passé :
FDA inspection Q3 2025. Warning Letter: "Empower audit trail disabled w 3 sekwencjach 2024-12". Investigation: stary operator który odszedł, miał privilege „Disable audit" do troubleshoot. NIKT nie wyłączył mu privileged after departure.
💡 Lekcja:
Privileged access review MONTHLY. Disable audit trail should never be enabled on prod. HR offboarding MUST trigger IT access revocation. Cost: 483 forms + 6 months of remediation.
48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki
Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW2024-11-15Poziom 2/5
Ce qui s'est passé :
Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.
💡 Lekcja:
ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.
🤖 Ask about this method
Bonjour — je suis entraîné sur tous les scénarios, la FAQ et la littérature de cette méthode. Demandez-moi ce que vous voulez.
👥 Share your scenario
Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".
🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 63-91-2). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
⚗️ Jonizacja w funkcji pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)MolGod_PHION_1
Typ: Amfoteryczny · pKa: 2.2 · pKa2: 9.31
pH
% jonowy
% niejonowy
0
99.4 %
0.6 %
2
61.3 %
38.7 %
4
1.6 %
98.4 %
6
0.1 %
99.9 %
8
4.7 %
95.3 %
10
83.0 %
17.0 %
12
99.8 %
0.2 %
14
100.0 %
0.0 %
Sources for this substance (12)
CRC Handbook 91st ed. Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
CRC Handbook 105th ed. Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
NIST WebBook — link Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
PubChem CID 6140 — link Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. PubChem CID 6140.
DrugBank DB00120 — link Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275. DrugBank ID DB00120.
ChEMBL CHEMBL301523 — link Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192. ChEMBL ID CHEMBL301523.
KEGG COMPOUND C00079 — link Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
IUPAC Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
IUPAC Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
NIST Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
Textbook Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bibliografia metody (Chicago)
Henderson, L. J. 1908. "Concerning the Relationship between the Strength of Acids and Their Capacity to Preserve Neutrality." American Journal of Physiology 21 (4): 173-179.
Hasselbalch, K. A. 1917. "Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensäure desselben." Biochemische Zeitschrift 78: 112-144.
Po, Henry N., and N. M. Senozan. 2001. "The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations." Journal of Chemical Education 78 (11): 1499-1503.
Avdeef, Alex. 2012. "Absorption and Drug Development: Solubility, Permeability, and Charge State." 2nd ed. Wiley.
Avdeef, Alex. 2007. "Solubility of sparingly-soluble ionizable drugs." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59 (7): 568-590.
Volgyi, Gergely, et al. 2007. "Potentiometric and spectrophotometric pKa determination of water-insoluble compounds." Analytica Chimica Acta 583 (2): 418-428.
Fini, Adamo, Giuseppe Fazio, and Giuseppina Feroci. 1997. "Solubility and solubilization properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 70 (4): 305-318.
Mauger, John W., Anthony N. Paruta, and Robert J. Gerraughty. 1972. "Solubilities of sulfadiazine, sulfisomidine, and sulfadimethoxine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61 (1): 94-97.
Lyman, Warren J., William F. Reehl, and David H. Rosenblatt. 1990. "Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods." American Chemical Society.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. "The Properties of Solvents." Wiley.
Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380.
Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275.
Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192.
Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Aucun certificat pour ce produit dans la base de données.
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
Normes de gestion des lots et de certification en laboratoire — 13 sources indépendantes (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [lien ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [lien ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [lien ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [lien ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [lien ↗]
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [lien ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [lien ↗]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [lien ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [lien ↗]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [lien ↗]
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [lien ↗]
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [lien ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [lien ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📈 Prédicteur de spectre UV-VIS (200-400 nm)λmax 257 nmMolGod_UVVIS_1
Composé
L-Phenylalanine
λmax
257 nm
λmin
245 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)
195
Solvant (requête)
water
Solvant (référence)
water
Concentration (M)
1e-4
Longueur du trajet optique (cm)
1
FWHM de la courbe
24 nm
Modèle : courbe de Gauss centrée sur λmax avec mise à l'échelle selon la loi de Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Transmittance T = 10^(-A) · 100%.
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296 [DOI]
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876 [DOI]
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298 [DOI]
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.
📖 The λmax = 257 nm value comes from a database/literature. No independent cross-confirmation (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — cross-verification unavailable.
Aucune métadonnée de brevet publique n'a été trouvée pour cette substance dans Crossref / OpenAlex pour le moment. Les données seront complétées automatiquement après le rafraîchissement du cache (24h).
📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
Hedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296
Wobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876
Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.
Stereochemistry, specific rotation and recommended chiral HPLC column for CAS 63-91-2 (CIP per Cahn-Ingold-Prelog 1966).
Données prédictives — configuration CIP déterminée à partir de la structure SMILES. Le pouvoir rotatoire spécifique et le choix de la colonne sont des valeurs estimées. Vérifiez avec ChemSpider/PubChem et un spectre CD avant toute utilisation analytique.
Centra stereogeniczne
1
Konfiguracja
(S) — konfiguracja absolutna (CIP)
Specific rotation [α]D20
-35.00°
(−) levorotatory • solv.: H2O • c=1.5, 25°C
Enancjomer (para)
CAS 673-06-3
Rekomendowana kolumna HPLC
Crownpak CR(+)
Faza ruchoma (eluent)
HClO4(aq) pH 1.5
Bibliographie (Chicago auteur-date)
Eliel, Ernest L., Samuel H. Wilen, and Lewis N. Mander. 1994. "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds." New York: Wiley.
Cahn, Robert S., Christopher Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog. 1966. "Specification of Molecular Chirality." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5 (4): 385-415. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196603851.
Francotte, Eric, and Wolfgang Lindner, eds. 2006. "Chirality in Drug Research." Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
U.S. FDA. 1992. "FDA's Policy Statement for the Development of New Stereoisomeric Drugs." Chirality 4 (5): 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.530040513.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Easson, Leslie H., and Edgar Stedman. 1933. "Studies on the relationship between chemical constitution and physiological action: molecular dissymmetry and physiological activity." Biochemical Journal 27 (4): 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0271257.
Pirkle, William H., and Thomas C. Pochapsky. 1989. "Considerations of chiral recognition relevant to the liquid chromatography separation of enantiomers." Chemical Reviews 89 (2): 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00092a006.
Dale, James A., and Harry S. Mosher. 1973. "Nuclear magnetic resonance enantiomer reagents: configurational correlations via nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of diastereomeric mandelate, O-methylmandelate, and α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetate (MTPA) esters." Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (2): 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00783a034.
Beesley, Thomas E., and Raymond P. W. Scott. 1998. Chiral Chromatography. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Allenmark, Stig G. 1991. Chromatographic Enantioseparation: Methods and Applications. 2nd ed. New York: Ellis Horwood.
Wainer, Irving W., ed. 1993. Drug Stereochemistry: Analytical Methods and Pharmacology. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Aboul-Enein, Hassan Y., and Irving W. Wainer, eds. 1997. The Impact of Stereochemistry on Drug Development and Use. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ahuja, Satinder, ed. 2000. Chiral Separations by Liquid Chromatography. ACS Symposium Series 471. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
Maier, Norbert M., Pilar Franco, and Wolfgang Lindner. 2001. "Separation of enantiomers: needs, challenges, perspectives." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00532-X.
Schurig, Volker. 2001. "Separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 275-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00505-7.
Okamoto, Yoshio, and Eiji Yashima. 1998. "Polysaccharide derivatives for chromatographic separation of enantiomers." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (8): 1020-1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980504)37:8<1020::AID-ANIE1020>3.0.CO;2-5.
Lämmerhofer, Michael. 2010. "Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases." Journal of Chromatography A 1217 (6): 814-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.022.
Caner, Hava, Eli Groner, Liron Levy, and Israel Agranat. 2004. "Trends in the development of chiral drugs." Drug Discovery Today 9 (3): 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02904-0.
Agranat, Israel, Hava Caner, and John Caldwell. 2002. "Putting chirality to work: the strategy of chiral switches." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (10): 753-768. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd915.
Crosby, John. 1991. "Synthesis of optically active compounds: a large-scale perspective." Tetrahedron 47 (27): 4789-4846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80950-6.
Nguyen, Lien Ai, Hua He, and Chuong Pham-Huy. 2006. "Chiral drugs: an overview." International Journal of Biomedical Science 2 (2): 85-100.
Eriksson, Tommy, Sven Björkman, and Peter Höglund. 2001. "Clinical pharmacology of thalidomide." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57 (5): 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280100320.
Evans, Andrew M. 2007. "Comparative pharmacology of S(+)-ibuprofen and (RS)-ibuprofen." Clinical Rheumatology 20 (Suppl 1): S9-S14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03342661.
IUPAC. 1996. "Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC recommendations 1996)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (12): 2193-2222. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668122193.
Mislow, Kurt, and Jay Siegel. 1984. "Stereoisomerism and local chirality." Journal of the American Chemical Society 106 (11): 3319-3328. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00323a043.
Francotte, Eric R. 2001. "Enantioselective chromatography as a powerful alternative for the preparation of drug enantiomers." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00951-1.
Welch, Christopher J. 1994. "Evolution of chiral stationary phase design in the Pirkle laboratories." Journal of Chromatography A 666 (1-2): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80367-6.
Armstrong, Daniel W., Yibing Tang, Shengsheng Chen, et al. 1994. "Macrocyclic antibiotics as a new class of chiral selectors for liquid chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 66 (9): 1473-1484. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00081a019.
Pirkle, William H., Donn W. House, and Jerald M. Finn. 1980. "Broad spectrum resolution of optical isomers using chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic bonded phases." Journal of Chromatography A 192 (1): 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(80)80043-3.
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare. 2024. European Pharmacopoeia 11.5: Chapter 2.2.7 Optical rotation. Strasbourg: EDQM Council of Europe.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. USP-NF General Chapter <781> Optical Rotation. Rockville, MD: USP.
Gal, Joseph. 2017. "Pasteur and the art of chirality." Nature Chemistry 9 (7): 604-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2790.
Pasteur, Louis. 1848. "Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire." Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 26: 535-538.
Le Bel, Joseph A. 1874. "Sur les relations qui existent entre les formules atomiques des corps organiques et le pouvoir rotatoire de leurs dissolutions." Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France 22: 337-347.
van 't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus. 1874. "Voorstel tot uitbreiding der tegenwoordige in de scheikunde gebruikte structuur-formules in de ruimte, benevens een daarmede samenhangende opmerking omtrent het verband tusschen optisch actief vermogen en chemische constitutie van organische verbindingen." Utrecht: J. Greven.
PUBHedaya L, Naja K, Almuraikhy S et al.. (2025). "N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine Disrupts Insulin Signaling, Induces Inflammation, and Impairs Mitochondrial Respiration in Cell Models.". Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161296
PUBWobst HJ, Viader A, Muncipinto G et al.. (2024). "SLC6A19 inhibition facilitates urinary neutral amino acid excretion and lowers plasma phenylalanine.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.182876
DOAVáclav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al.. (2021). "Heat Capacities of l-Histidine, l-Phenylalanine, l-Proline, l-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine". Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144298
Bibliographie (étendue) (6)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéTanchai, Nipawan. "Improvement of the phenylalanine dehydrogenase immobilization method for the production of phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2007.1012.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Self-Assembly of Phenylalanine-Leucine, Leucine-Phenylalanine and Cyclo(-leucine-phenylalanine) Dipeptides through Simulations and Experiments.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08576.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_04_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine Binding Is Linked to Dimerization of the Regulatory Domain of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.". https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501109s.s001.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 LIBRE❓ non vérifiéAnonymous. "Phenylalanine.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m64020_05_01.lien[consulté: 2026-11-07]CC0 (metadata)
★☆☆☆☆OPENLIBRARY🔓 LIBREMaria Yeng-Ying Kuo. 1977. "A kinetic study of the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of Cinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (CinGP) and Hydrocinnamoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (HCinGP) / by Maria Yeng-Ying Kuo." Miami University.lien[consulté: 2026-11-03]CC0 (metadata)
Vous avez un blog, un forum ou un service scientifique ? Intégrez la molécule 3D interactive sur votre site — chacun de vos lecteurs la verra, avec en dessous un lien vers notre boutique où il peut acheter le réactif.
🔗 Code HTML iframe (le plus simple — fonctionne partout)
Copiez et collez dans l'éditeur HTML de votre site :
Ajustez width et height à votre mise en page.
⚙ WordPress Shortcode (pour d'autres boutiques avec MOL-GOD)
🌐 Lien direct (pour e-mails, chats, LinkedIn, Twitter)
📱 QR code (pour l'impression sur flyers / étiquettes / catalogues)
Placez-le dans un catalogue de produits, sur une étiquette de flacon ou un flyer. Le client le scanne — il voit la molécule 3D sur son téléphone, avec un lien vers votre boutique.
🖼 Open Graph image (pour les balises meta des réseaux sociaux)
En partageant le lien, Facebook/LinkedIn/Discord récupérera automatiquement l'aperçu de l'image :
📋 Licence : L'intégration conserve un lien retour vers Eapearl Chemical (requis — la boutique est la source des données). Les données chimiques proviennent de PubChem (CC0 — domaine public). L'intégration est GRATUITE pour un usage éducatif, commercial et de loisir.
📚 RÉFÉRENCES (Bibliographie agrégée, Chicago Author-Date) 120 éléments
Toutes les sources scientifiques citées dans les accordéons ci-dessus pour le CAS 63-91-2. Format : Chicago Manual of Style, 17e éd., système Auteur-Date.
🗄️ Bases de données scientifiques
PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 63-91-2. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 63-91-2. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download.
International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
Ministry of Climate and Environment of the Republic of Poland. 2020. "Regulation of the Minister of Climate of 2 January 2020 on the waste catalogue." Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland 2020 item 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010.
Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ) [Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection]. 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — Waste disposal company registration system." Ministry of Climate and Environment. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/.
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
