Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical
L (+)-Arginine, CAS 74-79-3 — chemical product label

L (+)-Arginine

Arg

CAS 74-79-3 EC 200-811-1 C6H14N4O2 Powder SDS published CLP Warning

⚠️ Note: This safety data sheet is provided in English; a localized version is being prepared.

MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v2 · 08.09.2026

Specification

Product NameL (+)-Arginine
Other NamesArg
CAS No.74-79-3
EINECS No.200-811-1
MFC6H14N4O2
Molecular weight174.2
Purity99%
AppearanceWhite crystalline powder
Density1.2297 (rough estimate)
melting point222 °C (dec.) (lit.)
boiling point305.18°C (rough estimate)
flash (ing) point201.2°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS07 — Irritant / harmful

Warning

Classification source — PubChem C&L (consensus filter, not harmonised)

No harmonised entry exists for this substance; the classification shown is the supplier consensus reported to ECHA and should be confirmed for your intended use.

Precautionary statements (1)
  • P264 Wash thoroughly after handling
Full safety data sheet CLP label (EN)

Substance identity verified against the registry entry on 2026-09-02.

Packaging and shipping

Dag25kg
IBC Dag25kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
L (+)-Arginine
L (+)-Arginine
L (+)-Arginine

L-Arginine is a semi-essential alkaline amino acid for the human body, playing a central role in protein synthesis and various key physiological metabolic pathways. Its most notable function is as a direct precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Thanks to its unique basic guanidine structure, high biological activity, excellent water solubility, and outstanding safety, L-Arginine has become an indispensable key raw material in modern medical health, high-end functional foods, biopharmaceuticals, personal care, and life science research fields. We are committed to providing scientific and rigorous attitude and stable and reliable products to support human health and technological progress with basic molecular support.

L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.

L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.As a professional production plant for amino acid series and high-value-added fine chemicals, relying on a profound understanding of the raw materials in the field of life science and a strict compliance management system, we provide customers with high-quality and multi-specification L-arginine products and professional application solutions. L-arginine is a semi-essential alkaline amino acid for the human body, and it is a core participant in protein synthesis and various key physiological metabolic pathways. Its most notable function is as a direct precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). With its unique alkaline guanidine structure, high biological activity, excellent water solubility and outstanding safety, L-arginine has become an indispensable key raw material in modern medical health, high-end functional food, biopharmaceuticals, personal care and life science research fields. We are committed to providing scientific and rigorous attitudes and stable and reliable products to support human health and technological progress.

The core value of L-arginine stems from its multiple crucial roles at the physiological and biochemical levels, elevating it from a simple nutritional molecule to a functional one:

The precursor of nitric oxide (NO): This is its most fundamental functional value. Under the catalysis of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the body, L-arginine is converted into NO and citrulline. NO is an important vascular endothelial dilator factor, neurotransmitter, and immune regulatory molecule, crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health, immune function, and nervous system function.

A strongly basic amino acid: The guanidine group in its side chain is one of the most basic groups in the biological world, allowing it to carry a positive charge at neutral pH and participate in protein interactions, nucleic acid binding (such as histones), and as a pH buffer.

A key intermediate in the urea cycle: Involved in ammonia detoxification and urea production, it is of great significance for maintaining nitrogen balance and liver function.

Safety and biocompatibility: It is a natural component of the human body, involved in normal metabolism, with high safety. It has been recognized by the US FDA as a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) substance.

L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.

L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.

Delivery&Payment method

L-Arginine, manufacturer, provides pharmaceutical raw materials, functional foods, high-end cosmetics, biological fermentation, research and other applications.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is L (+)-Arginine shipped?

Standard formats are Dag (25kg), IBC Dag (25kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for L (+)-Arginine?

Yes. A full safety data sheet for CAS 74-79-3 is published and linked from this page; a signed copy is issued with the shipping documents.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

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🧬 3D-Molekül-Visualisierer
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3D-Modell L-Arginine, CAS 74-79-3, Summenformel C6H14N4O2, molare Masse 174.20 g/mol

Daten transkribiert aus regulatorischen Registern und Fachliteratur, unter Angabe von Quelle und Ausgabe. Sie ersetzen nicht das Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Lieferanten. Felder ohne hinterlegte Quelle sind als solche gekennzeichnet.

📊 Physikochemische Daten — CAS 74-79-3MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Physikochemische Eigenschaften

Kurzübersicht

Formel: C6H14N4O2
MW: 174.2 g/mol
CAS: 74-79-3
🔬 Erweiterte Eigenschaften

Chemische Kennungen

SMILES: C(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CN=C(N)N

Zuletzt aktualisiert: unbestätigt

Chemische Übersicht: L-ArginineMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
SummenformelC6H14N4O2[1]
Molekulargewicht174.2 g/mol[1]
Schmelzpunkt244 °C
LogP (Lipophilie)-4.2[1]
IUPAC-Name(2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid[1]
SMILESC(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CN=C(N)N[1]
InChIKeyODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N[1]

Synonyme: L-arginine · arginine · 74-79-3 · L-(+)-Arginine · (S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid

Datenquellen: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2026-09-21

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (1 Quellen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Summenformel · Molekulargewicht · LogP (Lipophilie) · IUPAC-Name · SMILES · InChIKey

WISSENSCHAFTLICHE FORSCHUNG

[1]PubMed2026
Diagnostic accuracy of symmetric dimethylarginine for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs: A systematic review.
Scobie C, Dean R, Stavisky J et al.. (2026). "Diagnostic accuracy of symmetric dimethylarginine for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs: A systematic review.". The Veterinary record. https://doi.o
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[2]PubMed2026
ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease.
Hu H, Yang Q, Hu J et al.. (2026). "ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease.". Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2025.2601874
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[3]PubMed2026
N-acetylcysteine reduces serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, symmetric dimethylarginine and urine protein to creatinine ratio in cats with…
Ali̇hossei̇ni̇ H, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE et al.. (2026). "N-acetylcysteine reduces serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, symmetric dimethylarginine and urine protein to creatinine ratio in c
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[4]PubMed2026
PRMT3-Mediated Arginine Methylation Stabilizes PCSK9 to Promote Aortic Valve Calcification.
Zhang X, Hao Y, Han D et al.. (2026). "PRMT3-Mediated Arginine Methylation Stabilizes PCSK9 to Promote Aortic Valve Calcification.". Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.078830
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[5]PubMed2026
Monocyte infiltration induces CNS arginine catabolism to fuel neuroinflammation.
Kerndl M, Musiejovsky L, Komljenovic A et al.. (2026). "Monocyte infiltration induces CNS arginine catabolism to fuel neuroinflammation.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02516-4
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[6]PubMed2026
PRMT5 in mitochondria regulates mtDNA stability through TFAM arginine methylation.
Bhattacharjee S, Das S, Chowdhury B et al.. (2026). "PRMT5 in mitochondria regulates mtDNA stability through TFAM arginine methylation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-6967
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[7]PubMed2026
Targeting arginine metabolism reverses bone immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastasis in ARID1A-deficient triple negative breast cancer.
Pan S, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2026). "Targeting arginine metabolism reverses bone immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastasis in ARID1A-deficient triple negative breast cancer.". Nature communi
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
[8]PubMed2026
Dynamic regulation of lysine and arginine metabolism promotes immune evasion by limiting T cell function in cancer.
Yu W, Sun R, Lu X et al.. (2026). "Dynamic regulation of lysine and arginine metabolism promotes immune evasion by limiting T cell function in cancer.". Science immunology. https://doi.org/10.1126/sci
Zur vollständigen Studie ↗
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) 12 refs · 1 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografie pro CAS (live aus 13+ Datenbanken)

Quellen: db:pubmed (12)

  1. db:pubmed Scobie C, Dean R, Stavisky J et al.. (2026). "Diagnostic accuracy of symmetric dimethylarginine for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs: A systematic review.". The Veterinary record. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.70216 →
  2. db:pubmed Hu H, Yang Q, Hu J et al.. (2026). "ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease.". Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2025.2601874 →
  3. db:pubmed Ali̇hossei̇ni̇ H, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE et al.. (2026). "N-acetylcysteine reduces serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, symmetric dimethylarginine and urine protein to creatinine ratio in cats with chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.". BMC veterinary research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05328-8 →
  4. db:pubmed Zhang X, Hao Y, Han D et al.. (2026). "PRMT3-Mediated Arginine Methylation Stabilizes PCSK9 to Promote Aortic Valve Calcification.". Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.078830 →
  5. db:pubmed Kerndl M, Musiejovsky L, Komljenovic A et al.. (2026). "Monocyte infiltration induces CNS arginine catabolism to fuel neuroinflammation.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02516-4 →
  6. db:pubmed Bhattacharjee S, Das S, Chowdhury B et al.. (2026). "PRMT5 in mitochondria regulates mtDNA stability through TFAM arginine methylation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69676-7 →
  7. db:pubmed Pan S, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2026). "Targeting arginine metabolism reverses bone immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastasis in ARID1A-deficient triple negative breast cancer.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73574-3 →
  8. db:pubmed Yu W, Sun R, Lu X et al.. (2026). "Dynamic regulation of lysine and arginine metabolism promotes immune evasion by limiting T cell function in cancer.". Science immunology. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aeb7315 →
  9. db:pubmed Choe S, Mariam A, Ejaz M. (2026). "Polyproline Modulates Membrane Translocation of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.". The Journal of membrane biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-026-00381-8 →
  10. db:pubmed Han Y, Li N, Zhao Y et al.. (2025). "Lysosomal acidity and cathepsin L activate eosinophils via ARG1-mediated arginine metabolism in allergic airway inflammation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65400-z →
  11. db:pubmed Zhang L, Xiang J, Feng Y et al.. (2025). "Protein arginine methyltransferase 7-mediated arginine mono-methylation stabilizes SRY-box transcription factor 9 to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression.". Molecular biomedicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00378-0 →
  12. db:pubmed Zhang P, Fan L, Teng M et al.. (2025). "The Role of Iron and Ferroptosis in the Pathogenesis of L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis.". Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-026-06550-y →
Regulatorischer Status der Substanz
Diese Substanz unterliegt regulatorischen Anforderungen: Bewirtschaftung gefährlicher Abfälle (BDO-Register). Details im Abschnitt "Regulatorischer Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" und im SDS. Regulatorische Information — schränkt den Kauf in diesem Shop nicht ein.
🧮 Stöchiometrie-RechnerMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Chemische DatenMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS-Nummer
74-79-3
Summenformel
C6H14N4O2
Molmasse
174.20 g/mol
IUPAC-Name (EN)
(2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid
SMILES
C(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CN=C(N)N
InChIKey
ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Temp. topnienia
259.9

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Externe IdentifikatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
15 von 16 ID-Systemen94%
DatenbankIdentifikatorAktionen
CAS Registry Number74-79-3Öffnen →
PubChem CID6322[1]Öffnen →
InChIKeyODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N[1]Öffnen →
InChIInChI=1S/C6H14N4O2/c7-4(5(11)12)2-1-3-10-6(8)9/h…[1]
SMILESC(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CN=C(N)N[1]
EC Number200-811-1[2]Öffnen →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1485[3]Öffnen →
DrugBankDB00125Öffnen →
KEGG CompoundC00062Öffnen →
HMDBHMDB0000517Öffnen →
ChemSpider6082[4]Öffnen →
MeSH UID (NLM)D001120Öffnen →
UNII (FDA)94ZLA3W45FÖffnen →
NSC Number (NCI)206269Öffnen →
WikiData QIDQ173670Öffnen →

Quellen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (4 Quellen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografie (erweitert) (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. "All-Factor Analysis and Correlations on the Transmembrane Process for Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01169.s001. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-02]
📡 Spektroskopie — CAS 74-79-3MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
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Strukturelle EigenschaftenMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

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❓ Häufig gestellte Fragen (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 74-79-3?
74-79-3 (CAS 74-79-3) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Hilfreich?
What is the CAS number of 74-79-3?
The CAS number for 74-79-3 is 74-79-3. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Hilfreich?
How should 74-79-3 be stored?
74-79-3 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Hilfreich?
➕ Frage vorschlagen
Strukturdateien herunterladenMolGod_STRDL_1

Molekülstrukturdateien aus der PubChem-Datenbank (NIH). Kompatibel mit Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol und ChemDraw.

Quelle: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 6322

🔄 Umrechner für Konzentrationseinheiten LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Geben Sie die Konzentration L-Arginine in einer beliebigen Einheit ein — der Rest wird automatisch berechnet.

MW: 174.20 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Umrechnungsformeln + Zitate (pro Formel)
UmrechnungFormelGenauigkeitQuelle
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 autoritative Quellen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
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🛡️ Sicherheit — CAS 74-79-3MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Hinweis zu Datenbeschränkungen. Die Sicherheitsinformationen auf dieser Seite dienen nur zur Information und ersetzen kein vollständiges Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS). Konsultieren Sie vor der Verwendung des Produkts das aktuelle Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Herstellers sowie die GHS/CLP-Leitlinien. Die CLP-Einstufung bezieht sich auf die reine Bulk-Substanz, nicht auf handelsübliche Zubereitungen.

GHS/CLP-Einstufung — Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Achtung (Warning)
GHS07 — Reizend / gesundheitsschädlich
GHS07 Reizend / gesundheitsschädlich

🚨 Gefahrenhinweise (H)

  • H319 — Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.

🛡 Sicherheitshinweise (P)

  • P264 — Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

⚠ Einstufung basierend auf einem Konsens der Quellen (PubChem / Meldungen der Lieferanten) — nicht gegen die harmonisierte Einstufung in Anhang VI (CLP) verifiziert. Der Gefahrenumfang kann breiter sein als die amtliche Einstufung; vor der Verwendung mit dem aktuellen Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Lieferanten verifizieren.

Übersetzungen: CLP-Verordnung (EG) 1272/2008, Anhang III und IV. Daten: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Konsolidierte wissenschaftliche Referenzen — Chicago Author-Date 10 Quellen

Referenzen aus allen Safety-Hub-Registerkarten gesammelt. CAS: 74-79-3 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Vorschriften
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Registerkarten mit eigenen Referenzen (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) enthalten zusätzliche bibliografische Einträge in ihren jeweiligen Abschnitten.

📈 Analytische Statistik (t-Test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Fügen Sie eine Serie von Messwiederholungen ein (CSV oder eine Zahl pro Zeile). Der Rechner berechnet Mittelwert, Standardabweichung und 95% CI und erkennt Ausreißer (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Trennzeichen: Komma, Leerzeichen, Tab, Zeilenumbruch. Min. 3 Messungen.
📐 Statistische Formeln
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetisches Mittel
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — Stichprobenvarianz
  • s = √s² — Standardabweichung
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative Standardabweichung
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-Test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Quelle: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Puffer-Rezept-Rechner EINZIGARTIG
Literatur: pKa-Werte aus Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wählen Sie einen Puffer aus der Liste von 20 gängigen Systemen → geben Sie den Ziel-pH-Wert ein → Sie erhalten ein exaktes Rezept mit den einzuwiegenden Massen.

Schritt 1: Puffersystem wählen

📜 Rezeptverlauf (letzte 10)
Pharmakologischer Status

Badania kliniczne Faza 3

Phase I
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Phase III
Zugelassen

Phase III — multizentrische Vergleichsstudien an einer großen Population.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1485 ↗

Bibliografie (erweitert) (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. "All-Factor Analysis and Correlations on the Transmembrane Process for Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01169.s001. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-02]
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🧪 Löslichkeit und Lösungsmittelkompatibilität MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekül
L-Arginine
Formel
C6H14N4O2
logP (XLogP3)
-4.20
Masse (g/mol)
174.20
Polarität
Hydrophil (polar)

⚠️ GC-Schätzung (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). Keine HSP-Literaturdaten für diese CAS — Genauigkeit ±2 MPa½. Experimentell verifizieren.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Lösungsmittel Compat. Ra Visuell GC-MS HPLC Anwendungen Referenzen
Water (H₂O)182 g/L (pomiar)—
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone——brak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)——brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO——brak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF——brak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)——brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane——brak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen für Lösungsmittel (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Löslichkeitstheorie (angewendet in der Verträglichkeitsvorhersage):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-Triplett (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-Formel.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Vollständige tabellarische Sammlung von 250+ Lösungsmitteln (ε, μ, Donizität, Akzeptorzahlen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 74-79-3 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Vollständige Bibliografie im Akkordeon REFERENZEN (am Ende der Seite) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Reaktionskompatibilität prüfen MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
1 0 0
Gesundheit: 1/4
Entflammbarkeit: 0/4
Reaktivität: 0/4
Gemäß NFPA 704 / berechnet aus H-Sätzen

Prüfen Sie, ob L-Arginine mit einem anderen Reagenz verträglich ist

📦 Lagerverträglichkeitsmatrix
Acids Regeln Oxidationsmittel Entzündbar Giftig Gazy
Acids ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Regeln ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Oxidationsmittel ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Entzündbar ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Giftig ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Gemeinsame Lagerung möglich · ⚠ Vorsicht · ✗ NICHT zusammen lagern · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Verträglichkeitsdaten aus: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laborrechner (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdünnung (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarität (M=n/V)
pH-Puffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Mol
Konzentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatur C↔F↔K

Verifizierte Formeln: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laborprotokoll-Generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokoll erstellt auf Grundlage von: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etiketten-Generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
L-Arginine• arginine / L-Arg• IUPAC: (2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid• CAS: 74-79-3• EC: 200-811-1• Formel: C6H14N4O2• Masse: 174.2 g/molACHTUNGGHS-GEFAHRENHINWEISE:(Selbsteinstufung der Lieferanten — unverbindlich)P264: Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.Nur für Laborzwecke!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
ADMET-Vorhersagen werden geladen…
🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsherstellung (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Geben Sie ein, was Sie zubereiten möchten — ich erstelle eine SOP

Beispiele unten — zum Einfügen anklicken:
Fertige Rezepte:
📚 Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Literatur — CAS 74-79-3MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Wichtigste Erkenntnisse (wissenschaftliche Literatur) 5 Publikationen
🏆 CAS 74-79-3 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% Zitierungen · 20% Aktualität · 20% Thema · 15% historisch · 15% Open Access.
  1. #1
    Pan S, Wang J, Wang B et al. (2026) · Nature communications
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Xie Z, Li S, Yang J et al. (2026) · Cancer letters
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Karadima E, Yilmaz C, Sinha A et al. (2026) · Frontiers in immunology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    Basu S, Bhattacharyya A, Khan MA et al. (2026) · Nucleic acids research
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Ding R, He L, Guo R et al. (2026) · Environmental science & technology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026)
    SCORE 4 Pharmakologie DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
🔬 HPLC — Methoden und Parameter — CAS 74-79-3MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 HPLC/GC-Methoden (1 Methode)
📄
Glossogyne tenuifolia Extract Increases Nitric Oxide Production in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
HPLCPharmaceuticals202190% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Säule: C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm
Phase: was methanol/0.05% acetic acid in water (4:6, v/v) with the flow rate…
Detektion: UV 570 nm
Fluss: 1.00 mL/min
Temp.: 37.0 °C
Inj.: 10 μL
Hsuan C, Lee T, Tseng W, Wu C, Chang C, Ko T, et al. Glossogyne tenuifolia Extract Increases Nitric Oxide Production in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14:577. doi:10.3390/ph14060577
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
The vascular nitric oxide (NO) system has a protective effect in atherosclerosis. NO is generated from the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by the enzymatic action of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Compounds with the effect of enhancing eNOS expression are considered to be candidates for the prevention of atherosclerosis. In this study, extracts from the aerial, root, and whole plant of Glossogyne tenuifolia (GT) were obtained with ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol extraction, respectively. The effects of these GT extracts on the synthesis of NO and the expression of eNOS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated. NO production was determined as nitrite by colorimetry, following the Griess reaction. The treatment of HUVECs with EA extract from the root of GT and n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol extract from the aerial, root, and whole plant of GT increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner. When at a dose of 160 μg/mL, NO production increased from 0.9 to 18.4-fold. Among these extracts, the methanol extract from the root of GT (R/M GTE) exhibited the most potent effect on NO production (increased by 18.4-fold). Furthermore, using Western blot and RT–PCR analysis, treatment of HUVECs with the R/M GTE increased both eNOS protein and mRNA expression. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that the R/M GTE increased eNOS phosphorylation at serine1177 as early as 15 min after treatment. The chemical composition for the main ingredients was also performed by HPLC analysis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that GT extracts increased NO production in HUVECs and that the R/M GTE increased NO production via increasing eNOS expression and activation by phosphorylation of eNOS at serine1177.
nitric oxideendothelial NO synthasehuman umbilical vein endothelial cellatherosclerosis
📈 Methodenvalidierung (ICH Q2)

Keine Validierungsdaten. Kontaktieren Sie den Methodenautor.

Parameter nach: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Fehlerbehebung HPLC/GC
Breite Peaks / Tailing
Ursachen: Verschlissene Säule, falscher pH der mobilen Phase, Säulenüberladung, Totvolumen
Lösung: Säule austauschen, Puffer-pH prüfen (±0,2), Injektionsvolumen verringern, Verbindungen prüfen
Basisliniendrift
Ursachen: Verunreinigte mobile Phase, Gradientenprobleme, instabile Temperatur
Lösung: Phase entgasen, 0,22 µm filtrieren, Säulentemperatur stabilisieren, System spülen
Kein Peak
Ursachen: Falsche Wellenlänge, Substanz eluiert nicht, thermische Zersetzung, falsche Phase
Lösung: λmax prüfen, Gradient verlängern, Temperatur senken, mobile Phase wechseln
Geisterpeaks (ghost peaks)
Ursachen: Systemverunreinigung, Verschleppung (Carry-over), verunreinigte Vials
Lösung: System reinigen (MeOH/H₂O), neue Vials verwenden, Blank injizieren
Geringe Wiederfindung
Ursachen: Adsorption an Wänden, unzureichende Extraktion, Zersetzung
Lösung: IS zugeben, Glas silanisieren, Extraktion optimieren, Stabilität prüfen

Quellen: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

Vollständiger HPLC-Methodenleitfaden Fachlich begutachtet

Molekülspezifische Szenarien, Fehlerbehebung und Literaturhinweise

Molecular Predictor

The predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 74-79-3) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
-9.3 min
Range: 0.5 – -12.09
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 2.87 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Echtes Chemiker-Problem

Why does my chromatogram look like a cardiogram?

The baseline jumps ±10 mAU, you see peaks but also „humps" between them. Integration is impossible.

So lösen wir das

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Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

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HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

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Interaktiver Rechner

Deep Education

Die Chemie der mobilen Phase verstehen

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Häufig gestellte Fragen

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=174.20, CAS 74-79-3) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Linearity over a wide range (5 decades)

ICH Q2: 80-120% spec. Your reviewer wants 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL (4 decades). How to build 2 calibrations without bias?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla (2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Column Choice Dilemma

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Rule of thumb: analytes MW10000 (proteins) → pore 1000 Å. For MW=174.20 (CAS 74-79-3) use a standard C18 100 Å column.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Detection Gotcha

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Stability program — 18 timepoints × 6 batches

New API. 3 conditions (25°C/60%, 30°C/65%, 40°C/75%) × 6 timepoints × 6 batches = 324 injections/quarter.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Häufig gestellte Fragen

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla (2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid (CAS 74-79-3) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.
Lesson learned (Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW, 2024-11-15):
ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensische Analyse — echte Fehlschlag-Geschichten Gelernte Lektionen

Echte Pannen von Chemikern — was passiert ist, was geholfen hat und was zu vermeiden ist.

Method transfer from Warsaw to Krakow failed

R&D team, 2 sites 2025-09-18 Poziom 5/5
Was ist passiert:

At first we ran it in the Warsaw lab. Transfer to Kraków: every Rt shifted +0.8 min, Rs borderline at 1.9-2.1. Investigation: buffers from different manufacturers (Merck vs Sigma-Aldrich) differed by 0.2 in pH. 6 weeks of transfer revalidation.

💡 Lekcja:

Transfer requires a SPEC for the buffer (manufacturer, grade, LOT). Not just „NH4HCO3 10 mM pH 7.0". Run a preliminary system suitability on the new instrument before the full transfer.

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

Student MSc, UW 2024-10 Poziom 2/5
Was ist passiert:

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

💡 Lekcja:

Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Ask about this method

Hallo — ich bin auf alle Szenarien, FAQ und Literatur zu dieser Methode trainiert. Fragen Sie mich alles.

Share your scenario

Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 74-79-3). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
L-Methionine
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
L-Proline
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
L-Serine
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
L-Threonine
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
L-Tryptophan
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
⚗️ Jonizacja w funkcji pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)MolGod_PHION_1

Typ: Amfoteryczny · pKa: 2.17 · pKa2: 9.04

024681012140%50%100%% zjonizowany% niejonowypH
pH% jonowy% niejonowy
099.3 %0.7 %
259.7 %40.3 %
41.5 %98.5 %
60.1 %99.9 %
88.4 %91.6 %
1090.1 %9.9 %
1299.9 %0.1 %
14100.0 %0.0 %
Sources for this substance (12)
  • CRC Handbook 91st ed.
    Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • CRC Handbook 105th ed.
    Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • NIST WebBook — link
    Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  • PubChem CID 6322 — link
    Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. PubChem CID 6322.
  • DrugBank DB00125 — link
    Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275. DrugBank ID DB00125.
  • ChEMBL CHEMBL1908 — link
    Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192. ChEMBL ID CHEMBL1908.
  • KEGG COMPOUND C00062 — link
    Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
  • IUPAC
    Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • IUPAC
    Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
  • NIST
    Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
  • Textbook
    Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bibliografia metody (Chicago)
  • Henderson, L. J. 1908. "Concerning the Relationship between the Strength of Acids and Their Capacity to Preserve Neutrality." American Journal of Physiology 21 (4): 173-179.
  • Hasselbalch, K. A. 1917. "Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensäure desselben." Biochemische Zeitschrift 78: 112-144.
  • Po, Henry N., and N. M. Senozan. 2001. "The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations." Journal of Chemical Education 78 (11): 1499-1503.
  • Avdeef, Alex. 2012. "Absorption and Drug Development: Solubility, Permeability, and Charge State." 2nd ed. Wiley.
  • Avdeef, Alex. 2007. "Solubility of sparingly-soluble ionizable drugs." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59 (7): 568-590.
  • Volgyi, Gergely, et al. 2007. "Potentiometric and spectrophotometric pKa determination of water-insoluble compounds." Analytica Chimica Acta 583 (2): 418-428.
  • Fini, Adamo, Giuseppe Fazio, and Giuseppina Feroci. 1997. "Solubility and solubilization properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 70 (4): 305-318.
  • Mauger, John W., Anthony N. Paruta, and Robert J. Gerraughty. 1972. "Solubilities of sulfadiazine, sulfisomidine, and sulfadimethoxine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61 (1): 94-97.
  • Lyman, Warren J., William F. Reehl, and David H. Rosenblatt. 1990. "Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods." American Chemical Society.
  • Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. "The Properties of Solvents." Wiley.
  • Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
  • Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
  • Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380.
  • Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275.
  • Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192.
  • Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
  • Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  • Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
📄 Analysenzertifikate (CoA) CAS 74-79-3 keine MolGod_COA_2

Keine Zertifikate für dieses Produkt in der Datenbank.

📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

Standards für Chargenmanagement und Laborzertifizierung — 13 unabhängige Quellen (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [Link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [Link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [Link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [Link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [Link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [Link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [Link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [Link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [Link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [Link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [Link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [Link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [Link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

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📜 Patente (öffentliche Metadaten) keine Daten MolGod_PATENT_2

Derzeit wurden keine öffentlichen Patent-Metadaten für diese Substanz in Crossref / OpenAlex gefunden. Die Daten werden nach der nächsten Cache-Aktualisierung automatisch ergänzt (24h).

📚 Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken
  1. Scobie C, Dean R, Stavisky J et al.. (2026). "Diagnostic accuracy of symmetric dimethylarginine for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs: A systematic review.". The Veterinary record. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.70216
  2. Hu H, Yang Q, Hu J et al.. (2026). "ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease.". Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2025.2601874
  3. Ali̇hossei̇ni̇ H, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE et al.. (2026). "N-acetylcysteine reduces serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, symmetric dimethylarginine and urine protein to creatinine ratio in cats with chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.". BMC veterinary research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05328-8
  4. Zhang X, Hao Y, Han D et al.. (2026). "PRMT3-Mediated Arginine Methylation Stabilizes PCSK9 to Promote Aortic Valve Calcification.". Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.078830
  5. Kerndl M, Musiejovsky L, Komljenovic A et al.. (2026). "Monocyte infiltration induces CNS arginine catabolism to fuel neuroinflammation.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02516-4
  6. Bhattacharjee S, Das S, Chowdhury B et al.. (2026). "PRMT5 in mitochondria regulates mtDNA stability through TFAM arginine methylation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69676-7
  7. Pan S, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2026). "Targeting arginine metabolism reverses bone immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastasis in ARID1A-deficient triple negative breast cancer.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73574-3
  8. Yu W, Sun R, Lu X et al.. (2026). "Dynamic regulation of lysine and arginine metabolism promotes immune evasion by limiting T cell function in cancer.". Science immunology. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aeb7315
  9. Choe S, Mariam A, Ejaz M. (2026). "Polyproline Modulates Membrane Translocation of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.". The Journal of membrane biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-026-00381-8
  10. Han Y, Li N, Zhao Y et al.. (2025). "Lysosomal acidity and cathepsin L activate eosinophils via ARG1-mediated arginine metabolism in allergic airway inflammation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65400-z
  11. Zhang L, Xiang J, Feng Y et al.. (2025). "Protein arginine methyltransferase 7-mediated arginine mono-methylation stabilizes SRY-box transcription factor 9 to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression.". Molecular biomedicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00378-0
  12. Zhang P, Fan L, Teng M et al.. (2025). "The Role of Iron and Ferroptosis in the Pathogenesis of L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis.". Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-026-06550-y
  13. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  14. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  15. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  16. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  17. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  18. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  19. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  20. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  21. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  22. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  23. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  24. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/74-79-3?status=active&limit=10

🔄 Analiza chiralna / enancjomery chiralnaMolGod_CHIRAL_1

Stereochemistry, specific rotation and recommended chiral HPLC column for CAS 74-79-3 (CIP per Cahn-Ingold-Prelog 1966).

Vorhersagedaten — CIP-Konfiguration aus der SMILES-Struktur abgeleitet. Spezifische Drehung und Säulenauswahl sind Schätzwerte. Vor der analytischen Anwendung mit ChemSpider/PubChem und einem CD-Spektrum verifizieren.

Centra stereogeniczne
1
Konfiguracja
(S) — konfiguracja absolutna (CIP)
Specific rotation [α]D20
26.90°
(+) dextrorotatory • solv.: 6 N HCl • c=2, 25°C
Enancjomer (para)
CAS 157-06-2
Rekomendowana kolumna HPLC
Crownpak CR(+)
Faza ruchoma (eluent)
HClO4(aq) pH 1.5
Bibliografie (Chicago Author-Date)
  • Eliel, Ernest L., Samuel H. Wilen, and Lewis N. Mander. 1994. "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds." New York: Wiley.
  • Cahn, Robert S., Christopher Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog. 1966. "Specification of Molecular Chirality." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5 (4): 385-415. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196603851.
  • Subramanian, Ganapathy, ed. 2007. "Chiral Separation Techniques: A Practical Approach." 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • Francotte, Eric, and Wolfgang Lindner, eds. 2006. "Chirality in Drug Research." Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • U.S. FDA. 1992. "FDA's Policy Statement for the Development of New Stereoisomeric Drugs." Chirality 4 (5): 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.530040513.
  • Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  • Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  • Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  • Easson, Leslie H., and Edgar Stedman. 1933. "Studies on the relationship between chemical constitution and physiological action: molecular dissymmetry and physiological activity." Biochemical Journal 27 (4): 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0271257.
  • Pirkle, William H., and Thomas C. Pochapsky. 1989. "Considerations of chiral recognition relevant to the liquid chromatography separation of enantiomers." Chemical Reviews 89 (2): 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00092a006.
  • Dale, James A., and Harry S. Mosher. 1973. "Nuclear magnetic resonance enantiomer reagents: configurational correlations via nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of diastereomeric mandelate, O-methylmandelate, and α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetate (MTPA) esters." Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (2): 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00783a034.
  • Beesley, Thomas E., and Raymond P. W. Scott. 1998. Chiral Chromatography. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Allenmark, Stig G. 1991. Chromatographic Enantioseparation: Methods and Applications. 2nd ed. New York: Ellis Horwood.
  • Wainer, Irving W., ed. 1993. Drug Stereochemistry: Analytical Methods and Pharmacology. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.
  • Aboul-Enein, Hassan Y., and Irving W. Wainer, eds. 1997. The Impact of Stereochemistry on Drug Development and Use. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ahuja, Satinder, ed. 2000. Chiral Separations by Liquid Chromatography. ACS Symposium Series 471. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
  • Maier, Norbert M., Pilar Franco, and Wolfgang Lindner. 2001. "Separation of enantiomers: needs, challenges, perspectives." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00532-X.
  • Schurig, Volker. 2001. "Separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 275-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00505-7.
  • Berthod, Alain. 2009. "Chiral recognition mechanisms with macrocyclic glycopeptide selectors." Chirality 21 (1): 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.20600.
  • Okamoto, Yoshio, and Eiji Yashima. 1998. "Polysaccharide derivatives for chromatographic separation of enantiomers." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (8): 1020-1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980504)37:8<1020::AID-ANIE1020>3.0.CO;2-5.
  • Lämmerhofer, Michael. 2010. "Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases." Journal of Chromatography A 1217 (6): 814-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.022.
  • Caner, Hava, Eli Groner, Liron Levy, and Israel Agranat. 2004. "Trends in the development of chiral drugs." Drug Discovery Today 9 (3): 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02904-0.
  • Agranat, Israel, Hava Caner, and John Caldwell. 2002. "Putting chirality to work: the strategy of chiral switches." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (10): 753-768. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd915.
  • Crosby, John. 1991. "Synthesis of optically active compounds: a large-scale perspective." Tetrahedron 47 (27): 4789-4846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80950-6.
  • Nguyen, Lien Ai, Hua He, and Chuong Pham-Huy. 2006. "Chiral drugs: an overview." International Journal of Biomedical Science 2 (2): 85-100.
  • Eriksson, Tommy, Sven Björkman, and Peter Höglund. 2001. "Clinical pharmacology of thalidomide." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57 (5): 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280100320.
  • Evans, Andrew M. 2007. "Comparative pharmacology of S(+)-ibuprofen and (RS)-ibuprofen." Clinical Rheumatology 20 (Suppl 1): S9-S14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03342661.
  • IUPAC. 1996. "Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC recommendations 1996)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (12): 2193-2222. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668122193.
  • Mislow, Kurt, and Jay Siegel. 1984. "Stereoisomerism and local chirality." Journal of the American Chemical Society 106 (11): 3319-3328. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00323a043.
  • Francotte, Eric R. 2001. "Enantioselective chromatography as a powerful alternative for the preparation of drug enantiomers." Journal of Chromatography A 906 (1-2): 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00951-1.
  • Welch, Christopher J. 1994. "Evolution of chiral stationary phase design in the Pirkle laboratories." Journal of Chromatography A 666 (1-2): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80367-6.
  • Armstrong, Daniel W., Yibing Tang, Shengsheng Chen, et al. 1994. "Macrocyclic antibiotics as a new class of chiral selectors for liquid chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 66 (9): 1473-1484. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00081a019.
  • Pirkle, William H., Donn W. House, and Jerald M. Finn. 1980. "Broad spectrum resolution of optical isomers using chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic bonded phases." Journal of Chromatography A 192 (1): 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(80)80043-3.
  • European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare. 2024. European Pharmacopoeia 11.5: Chapter 2.2.7 Optical rotation. Strasbourg: EDQM Council of Europe.
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. USP-NF General Chapter <781> Optical Rotation. Rockville, MD: USP.
  • Gal, Joseph. 2017. "Pasteur and the art of chirality." Nature Chemistry 9 (7): 604-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2790.
  • Pasteur, Louis. 1848. "Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire." Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 26: 535-538.
  • Le Bel, Joseph A. 1874. "Sur les relations qui existent entre les formules atomiques des corps organiques et le pouvoir rotatoire de leurs dissolutions." Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France 22: 337-347.
  • van 't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus. 1874. "Voorstel tot uitbreiding der tegenwoordige in de scheikunde gebruikte structuur-formules in de ruimte, benevens een daarmede samenhangende opmerking omtrent het verband tusschen optisch actief vermogen en chemische constitutie van organische verbindingen." Utrecht: J. Greven.
Erweiterte Bibliografie — 12 Quellen (PubMed/CrossRef/EuropePMC)
  • PUBScobie C, Dean R, Stavisky J et al.. (2026). "Diagnostic accuracy of symmetric dimethylarginine for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs: A systematic review.". The Veterinary record. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.70216
  • PUBHu H, Yang Q, Hu J et al.. (2026). "ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease.". Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2025.2601874
  • PUBAli̇hossei̇ni̇ H, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE et al.. (2026). "N-acetylcysteine reduces serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, symmetric dimethylarginine and urine protein to creatinine ratio in cats with chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.". BMC veterinary research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05328-8
  • PUBZhang X, Hao Y, Han D et al.. (2026). "PRMT3-Mediated Arginine Methylation Stabilizes PCSK9 to Promote Aortic Valve Calcification.". Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.078830
  • PUBKerndl M, Musiejovsky L, Komljenovic A et al.. (2026). "Monocyte infiltration induces CNS arginine catabolism to fuel neuroinflammation.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02516-4
  • PUBBhattacharjee S, Das S, Chowdhury B et al.. (2026). "PRMT5 in mitochondria regulates mtDNA stability through TFAM arginine methylation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69676-7
  • PUBPan S, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2026). "Targeting arginine metabolism reverses bone immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastasis in ARID1A-deficient triple negative breast cancer.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73574-3
  • PUBYu W, Sun R, Lu X et al.. (2026). "Dynamic regulation of lysine and arginine metabolism promotes immune evasion by limiting T cell function in cancer.". Science immunology. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aeb7315
  • PUBChoe S, Mariam A, Ejaz M. (2026). "Polyproline Modulates Membrane Translocation of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.". The Journal of membrane biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-026-00381-8
  • PUBHan Y, Li N, Zhao Y et al.. (2025). "Lysosomal acidity and cathepsin L activate eosinophils via ARG1-mediated arginine metabolism in allergic airway inflammation.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65400-z
  • PUBZhang L, Xiang J, Feng Y et al.. (2025). "Protein arginine methyltransferase 7-mediated arginine mono-methylation stabilizes SRY-box transcription factor 9 to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression.". Molecular biomedicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00378-0
  • PUBZhang P, Fan L, Teng M et al.. (2025). "The Role of Iron and Ferroptosis in the Pathogenesis of L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis.". Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-026-06550-y

Bibliografie (erweitert) (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OFFEN ❓ nicht verifiziert Anonymous. "All-Factor Analysis and Correlations on the Transmembrane Process for Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01169.s001. Link [abgerufen: 2026-09-02]
Daten von PubChemQuelle: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
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📚 REFERENZEN (Gesammelte Bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 120 Einträge

Alle wissenschaftlichen Quellen, die in den Akkordeons oben für CAS 74-79-3 zitiert werden.Format: Chicago Manual of Style, 17. Aufl., Autor-Datum-System.

🗄️ Wissenschaftliche Datenbanken

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 74-79-3. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=74-79-3.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 74-79-3. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 74-79-3. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=74-79-3.

📐 Standards / Richtlinien

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Bücher

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Wissenschaftliche Artikel (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  10. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  11. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  12. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  13. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
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