Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical

Cyclohexanone

CYC

CAS 108-94-1 EC 203-631-1 C6H10O Precursor CLP Warning
MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 22.09.2026

Specification

Product NameCyclohexanone
Other NamesCYC
CAS No.108-94-1
EINECS No.203-631-1
MFC6H10O
Molecular weight98.14
Purity99.5%
AppearanceColorless or light yellow transparent oily liquid.
Density0.947 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting point155 °C (lit.)
Boiling point-47 °C (lit.)
Vapour pressure116°F

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS02 — Flammable GHS pictogram GHS07 — Irritant / harmful

Warning

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H226 Flammable liquid and vapour
  • H332 Harmful if inhaled
Precautionary statements (1)
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking

European Chemicals Agency. "cyclohexanone, Index No. 606-010-00-7." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Packaging and shipping

Drum190 kg
IBC Drum1127 kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone

erformance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents. Cyclohexanone (abbreviated as CYC), with the chemical formula C₆H₁₀O, is a colorless or pale yellow transparent oily liquid that has a stimulating odor similar to mint or acetone, belonging to a class of cyclic ketone compounds. The cyclohexanone product provided by Anhui Yipu Chemical Co., Ltd. has strict purity control. Its core value lies in being a key raw material for the production of caprolactam (nylon 6) and adipic acid (nylon 66), which supports the industries such as chemical fibers and engineering plastics. It is also a high-boiling-point solvent with excellent performance.

Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.

Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional chemical supplier in China, deeply understands the fundamental role of cyclohexanone (CYC) as a core intermediate in the nylon production chain and a high-performance solvent in modern industry. At the same time, we are fully aware that cyclohexanone is a flammable and irritating hazardous chemical, and its production, storage, transportation, and use must strictly comply with safety and environmental protection regulations. We solemnly promise to strictly abide by all relevant laws and regulations, provide high-quality products, and prioritize safety, health, environmental protection, and compliance management.

Cyclohexanone (Cyclohexanone, abbreviated as CYC), with the chemical formula C₆H₁₀O, is a colorless or pale yellow transparent oily liquid with a stimulating odor similar to menthol or acetone. It is a cyclic ketone compound. The cyclohexanone products provided by Anhui Yipu Chemical are strictly controlled in purity. Its core value lies in being a key raw material for the production of caprolactam (nylon 6) and adipic acid (nylon 66), which supports the chemical fiber and engineering plastic industries as “industrial food”, and is also a high-boiling-point solvent with excellent performance.

The core value of cyclohexanone lies in its irreplaceable role as a core intermediate in the nylon production chain, as well as its wide application as a high-boiling-point and highly soluble solvent.

Core raw materials (dominant applications) of the nylon production chain: Over 90% of cyclohexanone is used to produce caprolactam and adipic acid. Among them, caprolactam is the largest downstream product, accounting for more than 60%, and is used to manufacture nylon 6 fibers and engineering plastics; adipic acid accounts for approximately 25%, and is used to manufacture nylon 66. This is the most core and largest application of cyclohexanone.

High-performance coatings, inks and resin solvents: As an excellent high-boiling-point solvent, it is widely used in nitrocellulose paints, vinyl resins, polyurethane coatings, inks and adhesives, effectively improving leveling and gloss.

Medicinal and pesticide intermediates and solvents: It is used for the synthesis of various medicinal intermediates (such as gabapentin intermediates), and is also an excellent solvent for pesticide production. Other fine chemical applications: Used for the production of cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resins (ketone-aldol resins), o-phthalic acid (a flame retardant and intermediate for preservatives), polybutylene sebacate (a biodegradable material), etc.

Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.

Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.

Delivery&Payment method

Cyclohexanone (CYC), a core chemical intermediate and high-performance solvent, provides support for applications such as nylon raw materials and coating solvents.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Cyclohexanone shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (190 kg), IBC Drum (1127 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Cyclohexanone?

Yes, on request. Safety data sheets are issued per grade and destination market; state the country of import in your inquiry.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.5%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Cyclohexanone

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3D-model Cyclohexanone, CAS 108-94-1, molecuulformule C6H10O, molaire massa 98.14 g/mol

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📊 Fysisch-chemische gegevens — CAS 108-94-1MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen

Snel overzicht

Formule: C6H10O
MW: 98.14 g/mol
CAS: 108-94-1
🔬 Geavanceerde eigenschappen

Chemische identificatoren

SMILES: C1CCC(=O)CC1

Laatst bijgewerkt: niet bevestigd

Chemisch overzicht: CyclohexanoneMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
MolecuulformuleC6H10O[1]
Molecuulmassa98.14 g/mol[1]
Smeltpunt-31 °C[1]
Kookpunt155.56 °C[1][2]
Dichtheid0.95 g/cm³[1][3]
LogP (lipofiliteit)0.8[1]
IUPAC-naamcyclohexanone[1]
SMILESC1CCC(=O)CC1[1]
InChIKeyJHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synoniemen: CYCLOHEXANONE · 108-94-1 · Ketohexamethylene · Pimelic ketone · Sextone

Gegevensbronnen: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Laatst bijgewerkt: 2026-09-21

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (3 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Molecuulformule · Molecuulmassa · Smeltpunt · Kookpunt · Dichtheid · LogP (lipofiliteit) · IUPAC-naam · SMILES · InChIKey
  2. NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. dotyczy: Kookpunt
  3. DECHEMA, PTB, and BAM. CHEMSAFE - Database of Evaluated Safety Characteristics for the Avoidance of Explosions. Frankfurt am Main: DECHEMA e.V.; Braunschweig/Berlin: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt and Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung. dotyczy: Dichtheid

WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK

[1]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Inter-Atomic Synergy on Single-Atom Alloy Promotes Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.72807
[2]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Stabilized Bi(III) Sites Direct *NH2OH Pathway for Efficient Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73997
[3]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "In Situ Coordination Engineering of Fe Single Atoms Enables Efficient Electrocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c09284
[4]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "A Bipolar Integrated Electro-Chemocatalysis System for Continuous-Flow Paired Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime at Industrial-Relevant Current Density.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.7
[5]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Hexacoordinate Ti-Anchored Single-Atom Pd Catalyst for High-Efficiency Cyclohexanone Ammoximation with H2 and O2.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c01171
[6]Europe PMC2026
(2026). "Cathodic oxygen-reduction-reaction-mediated active peroxide for oxidizing cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc00041j
[7]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Tuning *OH Oxidativity via a Cu-Co(OH)2 Cocatalyst on a Hematite Photoanode for Selective Cyclohexanone Oxidation.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c04083
[8]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Bi-modified Ni3S2 promotes selective nitrite-to-hydroxylamine reduction for cyclohexanone oxime synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc02212j
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) 20 refs · 4 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografie per CAS (live uit 13+ databases)

Bronnen: db:Europe PMC (17) · db:doaj (1) · db:pubmed (1) · db:crossref (1)

  1. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Inter-Atomic Synergy on Single-Atom Alloy Promotes Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.72807
  2. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Stabilized Bi(III) Sites Direct *NH2OH Pathway for Efficient Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73997
  3. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "In Situ Coordination Engineering of Fe Single Atoms Enables Efficient Electrocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c09284
  4. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "A Bipolar Integrated Electro-Chemocatalysis System for Continuous-Flow Paired Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime at Industrial-Relevant Current Density.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73184
  5. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Hexacoordinate Ti-Anchored Single-Atom Pd Catalyst for High-Efficiency Cyclohexanone Ammoximation with H2 and O2.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c01171
  6. db:Europe PMC (2026). "Cathodic oxygen-reduction-reaction-mediated active peroxide for oxidizing cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc00041j
  7. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Tuning *OH Oxidativity via a Cu-Co(OH)2 Cocatalyst on a Hematite Photoanode for Selective Cyclohexanone Oxidation.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c04083
  8. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Bi-modified Ni3S2 promotes selective nitrite-to-hydroxylamine reduction for cyclohexanone oxime synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc02212j
  9. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "High-Rate, Selective Electrosynthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Generation and Release of Hydroxylamine on Bismuth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c05163
  10. db:doaj Yanchun Liu, Zixuan Liu, Zhongling Lang et al.. (2026). "Efficient phenol-to-cyclohexanone hydrogenation enabled by hydrogen spillover in sub-nanometric Pd-polyoxovanadomolybdate catalysts". Polyoxometalates. https://doi.org/10.26599/POM.2026.9140109
  11. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Ambient Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Produced Hydrogen Peroxide over Cobalt-Based Electrocatalyst.". https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413475
  12. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Photocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis from Ambient Air and KA Oil.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c03187
  13. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with the Highly Efficient Novel Coextractants Cyclohexanone and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03792
  14. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Cyclohexanone and metabolites exposure in critically Ill neonates and children.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04027-8
  15. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Dehydroabietyl squaramide incorporating chiral pyrrolidine for highly diastereo- and enantioselective Michael reaction between cyclohexanone and β-nitrostyrenes.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06081h
  16. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Optimization of growth and induction conditions for the production of recombinant whole cell cyclohexanone monooxygenase in Escherichia coli.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99461-3
  17. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Dual redox effects of 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (BHMC) on human liver cancer cells, HepG2 via ROS, glutathione and Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19874-y
  18. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Selective dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone over biomorphic Cu/ZnO catalysts.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04414-5
  19. db:pubmed Singh W, Brown NL, McCue HV et al.. (2024). "Rational design of a cyclohexanone dehydrogenase for enhanced α,β-desaturation and substrate specificity.". Chemical science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc04009g
  20. db:crossref (2020). "In silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of 2,6-bis-(3'-ethoxy, 4'-hydroxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone, 2,6-bis-(3'-Bromo,4'-methoxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone, and 2,6-bis- (3',4'-dimethoxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2020.10613
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🧮 StoichiometrierekenmachineMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Chemische gegevensMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
CAS-nummer
108-94-1
Molecuulformule
C6H10O
Molaire massa
98.14 g/mol
IUPAC-naam (EN)
cyclohexanone
SMILES
C1CCC(=O)CC1
InChIKey
JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Scientific literature (20 articles)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Filteren:
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Temp. wrzenia
154.9
Density
0.949

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Externe identificatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
14 van 16 ID-systemen88%
DatabaseIdentificatorActies
CAS Registry Number108-94-1Openen →
PubChem CID7967[1]Openen →
InChIKeyJHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Openen →
InChIInChI=1S/C6H10O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H2[1]
SMILESC1CCC(=O)CC1[1]
EC Number203-631-1[2]Openen →
ChEMBLCHEMBL18850[3]Openen →
DrugBankDB02060Openen →
KEGG CompoundC00414Openen →
HMDBHMDB0003315Openen →
ChemSpider7679[4]Openen →
UNII (FDA)5QOR3YM052Openen →
NSC Number (NCI)5711Openen →
WikiData QIDQ409178Openen →

Bronnen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (4 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografie (uitgebreid) (6)

  1. ★★★★★ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Betaalmuur (waarschijnlijk) ❓ niet-geverifieerd Wu Y; Zhao J; Wang C et al.. 2023. "Electrosynthesis of a nylon-6 precursor from cyclohexanone and nitrite under ambient conditions." Nature communications. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23]
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Isobaric VaporLiquid Equilibrium for Binary Systems of Cyclohexanone + Benzene, Cyclohexanone + Toluene, and Cyclohexanone + pXylene at 101.3 kPa.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.6b00877.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Solubilities of Adipic Acid in Cyclohexanol + Cyclohexanone Mixtures and Cyclohexanone + Cyclohexane Mixtures.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.5b00880.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921u. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/10048033. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 108-94-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Databases met spectroscopische spectra — inline-gegevens 9 bronnen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra worden op aanvraag opgehaald uit 9 bronnen. Elk spectrum wordt opgeslagen in onze database — de volgende keer openen = geen enkele aanvraag naar de externe API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG bij elk spectrum zonder te zoeken.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
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▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
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▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
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DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
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📚 DOAJ — doaj.org
🔬 Interactieve spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Gegevens worden live opgehaald uit meerdere bronnen (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG beschikbaar om te downloaden onder elk spectrum. ⓘ Eén bron ★★☆☆☆ ⓘ Eén bron ★★☆☆☆

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IR — Fourier-transform infrarood wordt geladen…

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Structurele eigenschappenMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Structurele gegevens worden geladen...

❓ Veelgestelde vragen (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 108-94-1?
108-94-1 (CAS 108-94-1) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Nuttig?
What is the CAS number of 108-94-1?
The CAS number for 108-94-1 is 108-94-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Nuttig?
How should 108-94-1 be stored?
108-94-1 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
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Structuurbestanden downloadenMolGod_STRDL_1

Moleculaire structuurbestanden uit de PubChem-database (NIH). Compatibel met programma's: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Bron: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 7967

🔄 Omrekenaar voor concentratie-eenheden LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Voer de concentratie Cyclohexanone in een willekeurige eenheid in — de rest wordt automatisch berekend.

MW: 98.14 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversieformules + citaten (per formule)
ConversieFormuleNauwkeurigheidBron
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografie (8 gezaghebbende bronnen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Vergelijkbare moleculaire structurenMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Vergelijkbare structuren worden geladen...

🧪 Wizard voor het bereiden van oplossingen WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Selecteer concentratie
② Doelvolume
③ Oplosmiddel

Berekeningen volgens: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Computationele chemieMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Computationele gegevens worden geladen...

🛡️ Veiligheid — CAS 108-94-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Mededeling over gegevensbeperkingen. De veiligheidsinformatie op deze pagina is uitsluitend ter informatie en vervangt geen volledig veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS). Raadpleeg vóór gebruik van het product het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad van de fabrikant en de GHS/CLP-richtlijnen. De CLP-indeling geldt voor de zuivere bulkstof, niet voor commerciële formuleringen.

GHS/CLP-indeling — Verordening (EG) nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Waarschuwing (Warning)
GHS02 — Ontvlambaar
GHS02 Ontvlambaar
GHS07 — Irriterend / schadelijk
GHS07 Irriterend / schadelijk

🚨 Gevarenaanduidingen (H)

  • H226 — Ontvlambare vloeistof en damp.
  • H332 — Schadelijk bij inademing.

🛡 Voorzorgsmaatregelen (P)

  • P210 — Verwijderd houden van warmte, hete oppervlakken, vonken, open vuur en andere ontstekingsbronnen. Niet roken.

✓ Geharmoniseerde indeling overeenkomstig bijlage VI bij de CLP-verordening (EG) 1272/2008 (officiële, bindende indeling). Indexnummer: 606-010-00-7.

Referentie (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "cyclohexanone, Index No. 606-010-00-7." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — Groep 3: niet in te delen wat betreft kankerverwekkendheid voor de mens (beoordeeld door IARC). (Onafhankelijke beoordeling van het bewijs voor kankerverwekkendheid door IARC/WHO — vult de bovenstaande CLP-indeling aan.)
Referentie (Chicago): IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-94-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
Indeling uit de lokale MOL-GOD-lijst (snapshot) — niet geverifieerd tegen de actuele IARC-lijst. Verifiëren

Vertalingen: CLP-verordening (EG) 1272/2008, Bijlage III en IV. Gegevens: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Geconsolideerde wetenschappelijke referenties — Chicago Author-Date 10 bronnen

Referenties verzameld uit alle tabbladen van de Safety Hub. CAS: 108-94-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regelgeving
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabbladen met eigen referenties (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) bevatten aanvullende bibliografische vermeldingen binnen hun respectieve secties.

📈 Analytische statistiek (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Plak een reeks herhaalde metingen (CSV of één getal per regel). De calculator berekent het gemiddelde, de standaardafwijking en 95% CI, en detecteert uitschieters (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Scheidingsteken: komma, spatie, tab, nieuwe regel. Minimaal 3 metingen.
📐 Statistische formules
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — rekenkundig gemiddelde
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — steekproefvariantie
  • s = √s² — standaardafwijking
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relatieve standaardafwijking
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Bron: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Bufferrecept-calculator UNIEK

Kies een buffer uit de lijst van 20 populaire systemen → voer de streef-pH in → ontvang een exact recept met de af te wegen massa's.

Stap 1: Kies een buffersysteem

📜 Receptgeschiedenis (laatste 10)
Farmacologische status

Prekliniczny

Fase I
Fase II
Fase III
Goedgekeurd

Preklinisch — geen gegevens uit onderzoek bij mensen.

ChEMBL CHEMBL18850 ↗

Bibliografie (uitgebreid) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Isobaric VaporLiquid Equilibrium for Binary Systems of Cyclohexanone + Benzene, Cyclohexanone + Toluene, and Cyclohexanone + pXylene at 101.3 kPa.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.6b00877.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Solubilities of Adipic Acid in Cyclohexanol + Cyclohexanone Mixtures and Cyclohexanone + Cyclohexane Mixtures.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.5b00880.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921u. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/10048033. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
🚚 Transportclassificatie (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN 1915
UN-nummer
UN 1915
UN number per the indicated source. Verify the transport class and packing group in ADR Table A / UN Model Regulations before shipment. Sugerowana z klasyfikacji GHS — WYMAGA WERYFIKACJI.
Bron: Karta SDS sek.14 (kanon zmaterializowany)

🛣️ ADR Wegvervoer

Klasse:
Verpakkingsgroep:
Vervoersnaam:
📅 Project Planner — Lab Experiment Manager NIEUW

Plan uw volledige laboratoriumproject: voeg experimenten toe met reagentia, replicaten en duur. U ontvangt een Gantt-diagram, een boodschappenlijst (met links naar de winkel!), een budget met 10% marge en een GHS-risicomatrix.

🧪 Oplosbaarheid en compatibiliteit met oplosmiddelen MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecuul
Cyclohexanone
Formule
C6H10O
logP (XLogP3)
0.80
Massa (g/mol)
98.14
Polariteit
Matig

⚠️ GC-schatting (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). Geen HSP-literatuurgegevens voor deze CAS — nauwkeurigheid ±2 MPa½. Experimenteel verifiëren.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Oplosmiddel Compat. Ra Visueel GC-MS HPLC Toepassingen Referenties
Water (H₂O)150 g/L (pomiar)
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonebrak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSObrak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFbrak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanebrak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenebrak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties voor oplosmiddelen (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te vouwen

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Oplosbaarheidstheorie (toegepast bij de voorspelling van compatibiliteit):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-formule.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Volledige tabellarische set van 250+ oplosmiddelen (ε, μ, doniciteit, acceptorgetallen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 108-94-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Volledige bibliografie in het accordeon REFERENTIES (onderaan de pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Controleer de reactiecompatibiliteit MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
2 2 0
Gezondheid: 2/4
Ontvlambaarheid: 2/4
Reactiviteit: 0/4
Volgens NFPA 704 / berekend uit H-codes

Controleer of Cyclohexanone compatibel is met een ander reagens

📦 Opslagcompatibiliteitsmatrix
Zuren Basen Oxidatoren Ontvlambaar Giftig Gazy
Zuren
Basen
Oxidatoren
Ontvlambaar
Giftig
Gazy
✓ Samen te bewaren · ⚠ Voorzichtig · ✗ NIET samen bewaren · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Compatibiliteitsgegevens uit: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laboratoriumcalculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdunning (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molariteit (M=n/V)
pH-buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Mol
Concentratie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatuur C↔F↔K

Geverifieerde formules: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopische spectradatabases MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator van laboratoriumprotocollen MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocol gegenereerd op basis van: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etikettengenerator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Cyclohexanone• Ketohexamethylene / Pimelic ketone• IUPAC: cyclohexanone• CAS: 108-94-1• EC: 203-631-1• Formule: C6H10O• Massa: 98.14 g/molWAARSCHUWINGGHS-GEVARENAANDUIDINGEN:H226: Ontvlambare vloeistof en damp.H332: Schadelijk bij inademing.P210: Verwijderd houden van warmte, hete oppervlakken, vonken, open vuur enandere ontstekingsbronnen. Niet roken.Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

Radardiagram van drug-likeness (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Groene zone = overeenstemming met de criteria.

Voorspellende gegevens — eigenschappen berekend in silico (SMILES/RDKit). Deze vervangen geen klinische studies. Niet gebruiken voor de beoordeling van geneesmiddelen zonder experimentele verificatie.

MW98.1LogP0.8HBD0HBA1RotB0TPSA17.1 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=98)✗ REOS (MW=98)✓ Lead-like Ro3
EigenschapWaardeBeoordeling
Absorptie (GI)hoog
BBB-permeabiliteitja (dringt door)
Biobeschikbaarheid (Daina 2017)
55%
CYP450-profielCYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
PAINS-waarschuwingen0
Brenk-waarschuwingen0
pKa (pH 7.4)11.3 (experimental)
hERG (cardiotox.)✓ nee
P-gp-substraat
Ames-mutageniteit✓ nee
DILI (hepatotox.)
LogS (wateroplosb.)
Bronnen (ADMET-methodologie)
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. et al.. (2026). "Inter-Atomic Synergy on Single-Atom Alloy Promotes Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.72807
  22. et al.. (2026). "Stabilized Bi(III) Sites Direct *NH2OH Pathway for Efficient Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73997
  23. et al.. (2026). "In Situ Coordination Engineering of Fe Single Atoms Enables Efficient Electrocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c09284
  24. et al.. (2026). "A Bipolar Integrated Electro-Chemocatalysis System for Continuous-Flow Paired Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime at Industrial-Relevant Current Density.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73184
  25. et al.. (2026). "Hexacoordinate Ti-Anchored Single-Atom Pd Catalyst for High-Efficiency Cyclohexanone Ammoximation with H2 and O2.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c01171
  26. (2026). "Cathodic oxygen-reduction-reaction-mediated active peroxide for oxidizing cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc00041j
  27. et al.. (2026). "Tuning *OH Oxidativity via a Cu-Co(OH)2 Cocatalyst on a Hematite Photoanode for Selective Cyclohexanone Oxidation.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c04083
  28. et al.. (2026). "Bi-modified Ni3S2 promotes selective nitrite-to-hydroxylamine reduction for cyclohexanone oxime synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc02212j
  29. et al.. (2026). "High-Rate, Selective Electrosynthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Generation and Release of Hydroxylamine on Bismuth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c05163
  30. Yanchun Liu, Zixuan Liu, Zhongling Lang et al.. (2026). "Efficient phenol-to-cyclohexanone hydrogenation enabled by hydrogen spillover in sub-nanometric Pd-polyoxovanadomolybdate catalysts". Polyoxometalates. https://doi.org/10.26599/POM.2026.9140109
  31. et al.. (2025). "Ambient Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Produced Hydrogen Peroxide over Cobalt-Based Electrocatalyst.". https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413475
  32. et al.. (2025). "Photocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis from Ambient Air and KA Oil.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c03187
  33. et al.. (2025). "Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with the Highly Efficient Novel Coextractants Cyclohexanone and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03792
  34. et al.. (2025). "Cyclohexanone and metabolites exposure in critically Ill neonates and children.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04027-8
  35. et al.. (2025). "Dehydroabietyl squaramide incorporating chiral pyrrolidine for highly diastereo- and enantioselective Michael reaction between cyclohexanone and β-nitrostyrenes.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06081h
  36. et al.. (2025). "Optimization of growth and induction conditions for the production of recombinant whole cell cyclohexanone monooxygenase in Escherichia coli.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99461-3
  37. et al.. (2025). "Dual redox effects of 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (BHMC) on human liver cancer cells, HepG2 via ROS, glutathione and Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19874-y
  38. et al.. (2025). "Selective dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone over biomorphic Cu/ZnO catalysts.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04414-5
  39. Singh W, Brown NL, McCue HV et al.. (2024). "Rational design of a cyclohexanone dehydrogenase for enhanced α,β-desaturation and substrate specificity.". Chemical science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc04009g
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📚 Overzicht van de wetenschappelijke literatuur — CAS 108-94-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Belangrijkste bevindingen (wetenschappelijke literatuur) 20 publicaties
🏆 CAS 108-94-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citaties · 20% recentheid · 20% onderwerp · 15% historisch · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Yan M; Kawamata Y; Baran PS (2017) · Chemical reviews
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · wysoki impact (1763 citations)
    SCORE 14.09 Mechanisme MUST-CITE Citations: 1763 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2026) · Advanced Materials
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 10.88 Mechanisme Citations: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2025) · Advanced Science
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 10.18 Mechanisme Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2026) · Advanced Materials
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 8.75 Mechanisme Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    (2020) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Open access
    SCORE 8.37 Mechanisme Citations: 10 Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025)
    SCORE 8.14 Mechanisme Citations: 6 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.95 Farmacologie Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.68 Industrie Citations: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 7.2 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Industrie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    Yanchun Liu, Zixuan Liu, Zhongling Lang et al. (2026) · Polyoxometalates
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2026) · Advanced Materials
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 6.4 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    Long Chen; Shanyong Chen; Xiaoqing Qiu (2026) · Chemical Communications
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 6.4 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    et al. (2026) · Chemical Communications
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 6.4 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    et al. (2025) · Pediatric Research
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (2025) · RSC Advances
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    Singh W, Brown NL, McCue HV et al. (2024) · Chemical science
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2024) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    et al. (2026) · ACS Nano
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 5.6 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  20. #20
    Wu Y; Zhao J; Wang C et al. (2023) · Nature communications
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · recent (2023)
    SCORE 4.7 Industrie MUST-CITE DOI ↗
🔬 HPLC — methoden en parameters — CAS 108-94-1MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🔬 HPLC/GC-methoden (1 metoda)
📄
Elucidation of the Relationships between H-Bonding Patterns and Excited State Dynamics in Cyclovalone
HPLCMolecules201478% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity)
Kolom: C18, 150 x 3.9 mm
Fase: was a mixture of ACN and 0.5% citric acid buffer, adjusted to…
Detectie: UV 420 nm
Lamperti M, Maspero A, Tønnesen H, Bondani M, Nardo L. Elucidation of the Relationships between H-Bonding Patterns and Excited State Dynamics in Cyclovalone. Molecules. 2014;19:13282-13304. doi:10.3390/molecules190913282
Cyclovalone is a synthetic curcumin derivative in which the keto-enolic system is replaced by a cyclohexanone ring. This modification of the chemical structure might in principle result in an excited state that is more stable than that of curcumin, which in turn should produce an enhanced phototoxicity. Indeed, although curcumin exhibits photosensitized antibacterial activity, this compound is characterized by very fast excited-state dynamics which limit its efficacy as a photosensitizer. In previous works we showed that the main non-radiative decay pathway of keto-enolic curcuminoids is through excited-state transfer of the enolic proton to the keto-oxygen. Another effective deactivation pathway involves an intermolecular charge transfer mechanism occurring at the phenyl rings, made possible by intramolecular H-bonding between the methoxy and the hydroxyl substituent. In this paper we present UV-Vis and IR absorption spectra data with the aim of elucidating the intramolecular charge distribution of this compound and its solvation patterns in different environments, with particular focus on solute-solvent H-bonding features. Moreover, we discuss steady state and time-resolved fluorescence data that aim at characterizing the excited-state dynamics of cyclovalone, and we compare its decay photophysics to that of curcumin. Finally, because during the characterization procedures we found evidence of very fast photodegradation of cyclovalone, its photostability in four organic solvents was studied by HPLC and the corresponding relative degradation rates were calculated.
cyclovalonecurcuminoidphotosensitizerinfrared and UV-Vis absorptionfluorescenceH-bondingphotodegradation
📈 Methodevalidatie (ICH Q2)

Geen validatiegegevens. Neem contact op met de auteur van de methode.

Parameters volgens: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Probleemoplossing HPLC/GC
Brede pieken / tailing
Oorzaken: Versleten kolom, verkeerde pH van de mobiele fase, kolomoverbelasting, dood volume
Oplossing: Vervang de kolom, controleer de buffer-pH (±0.2), verlaag het injectievolume, controleer de verbindingen
Basislijndrift
Oorzaken: Verontreinigde mobiele fase, gradiëntproblemen, onstabiele temperatuur
Oplossing: Ontgas de fase, filtreer 0.22 µm, stabiliseer de kolomtemperatuur, spoel het systeem
Geen piek
Oorzaken: Verkeerde golflengte, stof elueert niet, thermische ontleding, verkeerde fase
Oplossing: Controleer λmax, verleng de gradiënt, verlaag de temperatuur, wijzig de mobiele fase
Spookpieken (ghost peaks)
Oorzaken: Systeemverontreiniging, carry-over, verontreinigde vials
Oplossing: Reinig het systeem (MeOH/H₂O), gebruik nieuwe vials, injecteer een blanco
Lage terugvinding
Oorzaken: Adsorptie aan de wanden, onvoldoende extractie, ontleding
Oplossing: Voeg IS toe, silaniseer glaswerk, optimaliseer de extractie, controleer de stabiliteit

Bronnen: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

Volledige HPLC-methodegids Peer-reviewed

Molecuulspecifieke scenario's, probleemoplossing en literatuurverwijzingen

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 108-94-1) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
3.2 min
Range: 2.24 – 4.16
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 5.095 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Echt chemicusprobleem

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Hoe wij dit oplossen

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Interactieve calculator

Deep Education

De chemie van de mobiele fase begrijpen

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika
Total/quarter

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter
Guards / quarter
Downtime wymiany (h)
Total/quarter

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift
Shifts potrzebnych
Koszt pracy
Savings
Total annual savings:

Veelgestelde vragen

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=98.14, CAS 108-94-1) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Identyfikacja unknown impurity peak

Spec limit 0.1%, you see an unknown peak at 0.15%. HRMS gives m/z 287.1123. How to proceed (MS/MS, NMR prep, synthesis)?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Slope (Δ%B/min)
Gradient volume (mL)
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Veelgestelde vragen

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla cyclohexanone (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

Why does my chromatogram look like a cardiogram?

The baseline jumps ±10 mAU, you see peaks but also „humps" between them. Integration is impossible.

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Veelgestelde vragen

Rule of thumb: analytes MW10000 (proteins) → pore 1000 Å. For MW=98.14 (CAS 108-94-1) use a standard C18 100 Å column.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Detection Gotcha

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Change control: transfer the method to a new HPLC

The old Agilent 1100 is due for replacement. New Waters Arc. How to run transfer validation without a repeat full validation?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Veelgestelde vragen

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla cyclohexanone (CAS 108-94-1) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensische analyse — echte faalverhalen Geleerde lessen

Echte missers van chemici — wat er gebeurde, wat hielp, wat te vermijden.

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

Student MSc, UW 2024-10 Poziom 2/5
Wat er gebeurde:

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

💡 Lekcja:

Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
Wat er gebeurde:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

Ask about this method

Hoi — ik ben getraind op alle scenario's, FAQ en literatuur voor deze methode. Vraag me alles.

Share your scenario

Do you have experience with this method? A problem you solved? A mishap you want to spare others? Write to us — after moderator approval it will appear here as „real case".

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 108-94-1). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
🧪
Ethyl ether
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LABSA 96%
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Perchloroethylene (PCE)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Toluene
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Phthalic anhydride (MA)
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 Analysecertificaten (CoA) CAS 108-94-1 geen MolGod_COA_2

Geen certificaten voor dit product in de database.

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te klappen

Standaarden voor batchbeheer en laboratoriumcertificering — 13 onafhankelijke bronnen (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📈 UV-VIS-spectrumvoorspeller (200-400 nm) λmax 291 nm MolGod_UVVIS_1
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400291 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
VerbindingCyclohexanone
λmax291 nm
λmin270 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)15
Oplosmiddel (query)water
Oplosmiddel (referentie)cyclohexane
Concentratie (M)1e-4
Weglengte (cm)1
FWHM van de curve42 nm

Model: gausscurve gecentreerd op λmax, geschaald volgens de wet van Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Transmissie T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Anonymous. "Isobaric VaporLiquid Equilibrium for Binary Systems of Cyclohexanone + Benzene, Cyclohexanone + Toluene, and Cyclohexanone + pXylene at 101.3 kPa.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.6b00877.s001. [DOI]
  2. Anonymous. "Solubilities of Adipic Acid in Cyclohexanol + Cyclohexanone Mixtures and Cyclohexanone + Cyclohexane Mixtures.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.5b00880.s001. [DOI]
  3. Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921u. [DOI]
  4. Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/10048033. [DOI]
  5. Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921. [DOI]
  6. et al.. (2026). "Inter-Atomic Synergy on Single-Atom Alloy Promotes Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.72807 [DOI]
  7. et al.. (2026). "Stabilized Bi(III) Sites Direct *NH2OH Pathway for Efficient Cyclohexanone Oxime Electrosynthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73997 [DOI]
  8. et al.. (2026). "In Situ Coordination Engineering of Fe Single Atoms Enables Efficient Electrocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c09284 [DOI]
  9. et al.. (2026). "A Bipolar Integrated Electro-Chemocatalysis System for Continuous-Flow Paired Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime at Industrial-Relevant Current Density.". https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73184 [DOI]
  10. et al.. (2026). "Hexacoordinate Ti-Anchored Single-Atom Pd Catalyst for High-Efficiency Cyclohexanone Ammoximation with H2 and O2.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c01171 [DOI]
  11. (2026). "Cathodic oxygen-reduction-reaction-mediated active peroxide for oxidizing cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc00041j [DOI]
  12. et al.. (2026). "Tuning *OH Oxidativity via a Cu-Co(OH)2 Cocatalyst on a Hematite Photoanode for Selective Cyclohexanone Oxidation.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c04083 [DOI]
  13. et al.. (2026). "Bi-modified Ni3S2 promotes selective nitrite-to-hydroxylamine reduction for cyclohexanone oxime synthesis.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cc02212j [DOI]
  14. et al.. (2026). "High-Rate, Selective Electrosynthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Generation and Release of Hydroxylamine on Bismuth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c05163 [DOI]
  15. Yanchun Liu, Zixuan Liu, Zhongling Lang et al.. (2026). "Efficient phenol-to-cyclohexanone hydrogenation enabled by hydrogen spillover in sub-nanometric Pd-polyoxovanadomolybdate catalysts". Polyoxometalates. https://doi.org/10.26599/POM.2026.9140109 [DOI]
  16. et al.. (2025). "Ambient Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Oxime via In Situ Produced Hydrogen Peroxide over Cobalt-Based Electrocatalyst.". https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413475 [DOI]
  17. et al.. (2025). "Photocatalytic Cyclohexanone Oxime Synthesis from Ambient Air and KA Oil.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c03187 [DOI]
  18. et al.. (2025). "Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with the Highly Efficient Novel Coextractants Cyclohexanone and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03792 [DOI]
  19. et al.. (2025). "Cyclohexanone and metabolites exposure in critically Ill neonates and children.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04027-8 [DOI]
  20. et al.. (2025). "Dehydroabietyl squaramide incorporating chiral pyrrolidine for highly diastereo- and enantioselective Michael reaction between cyclohexanone and β-nitrostyrenes.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06081h [DOI]
  21. et al.. (2025). "Optimization of growth and induction conditions for the production of recombinant whole cell cyclohexanone monooxygenase in Escherichia coli.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99461-3 [DOI]
  22. et al.. (2025). "Dual redox effects of 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (BHMC) on human liver cancer cells, HepG2 via ROS, glutathione and Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19874-y [DOI]
  23. et al.. (2025). "Selective dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone over biomorphic Cu/ZnO catalysts.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04414-5 [DOI]
  24. Singh W, Brown NL, McCue HV et al.. (2024). "Rational design of a cyclohexanone dehydrogenase for enhanced α,β-desaturation and substrate specificity.". Chemical science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc04009g [DOI]
  25. (2020). "In silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of 2,6-bis-(3'-ethoxy, 4'-hydroxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone, 2,6-bis-(3'-Bromo,4'-methoxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone, and 2,6-bis- (3',4'-dimethoxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2020.10613 [DOI]
  26. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  27. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  28. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  29. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  30. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  31. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  32. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  33. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  34. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  35. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  36. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  37. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  38. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  39. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  40. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  41. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 The λmax = 291 nm value comes from a database/literature. No independent cross-confirmation (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — cross-verification unavailable.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/108-94-1?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

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Bibliografie (uitgebreid) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Isobaric VaporLiquid Equilibrium for Binary Systems of Cyclohexanone + Benzene, Cyclohexanone + Toluene, and Cyclohexanone + pXylene at 101.3 kPa.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.6b00877.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Solubilities of Adipic Acid in Cyclohexanol + Cyclohexanone Mixtures and Cyclohexanone + Cyclohexane Mixtures.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.5b00880.s001. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921u. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/10048033. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ niet-geverifieerd Anonymous. "Cyclohexanone.". https://doi.org/10.3403/30307921. link [geraadpleegd: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
Gegevens van PubChemBron: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
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📚 REFERENTIES (Verzamelde bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 122 items

Alle wetenschappelijke bronnen die in de accordeons hierboven voor CAS 108-94-1 worden geciteerd.Formaat: Chicago Manual of Style 17e ed., Author-Date-systeem.

🗄️ Wetenschappelijke databanken

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 108-94-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 108-94-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=108-94-1.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 108-94-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.

📐 Standaarden / Richtlijnen

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
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📖 Boeken

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
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  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monografieën

  1. IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-94-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.

📄 Wetenschappelijke artikelen (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
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