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Terephthalic Acid, CAS 100-21-0 — chemical product label

Terephthalic Acid

PTA

CAS 100-21-0 EC 202-830-0 C8H6O4 Powder SDS published CLP Danger

⚠️ Note: This safety data sheet is provided in English; a localized version is being prepared.

MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v2 · 08.09.2026

Specification

Product NameTerephthalic Acid
Other NamesPTA
CAS No.100-21-0
EINECS No.202-830-0
MFC8H6O4
Molecular weight166.13
Purity99.9%
AppearanceWhite needle-like crystals or powder
Density1.58 g/cm3 at 25 °C
solubleness>300 °C (lit.)
boiling point214.32°C (rough estimate)
flash (ing) point260°C

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS07 — Irritant / harmful GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Danger

Classification source — PubChem C&L (consensus filter, not harmonised)

No harmonised entry exists for this substance; the classification shown is the supplier consensus reported to ECHA and should be confirmed for your intended use.

  • H320 Causes eye irritation
  • H335 May cause respiratory irritation
  • H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
  • H302 Harmful if swallowed
  • H316 Causes mild skin irritation
  • H361 Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
  • H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Precautionary statements (3)
  • P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
  • P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
Full safety data sheet CLP label (EN)

Substance identity verified against the registry entry on 2026-09-02.

Packaging and shipping

Dag25kg
IBC Dag25kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Terephthalic Acid
Terephthalic Acid
Terephthalic Acid

PTA is the world’s largest producer of binary aromatic acids and is the core raw material for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It is hailed as the “food” of modern textile, packaging and materials industries. Its high purity, large-scale continuous production, and efficient condensation with ethylene glycol (EG) make it a cornerstone bulk organic raw material connecting petrochemicals with daily consumer products (textile fibers, beverage packaging) and high-end manufacturing (films, engineering plastics). We are committed to providing stable supply, professional services, and precise market understanding, to become a reliable strategic partner in your polyester production system.

The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.

The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.As a professional supplier of petrochemical raw material supply chain, leveraging a profound understanding of the polyester industry chain and strong resource integration capabilities, we are committed to providing our customers with stable and reliable p-xylene (PTA) products and market solutions. PTA is the world’s largest producer of binary aromatic acids and is the core raw material for producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It is hailed as the “food” of modern textile, packaging and material industries. Its high purity, large-scale continuous production, and efficient condensation with ethylene glycol (EG) make it a cornerstone bulk organic raw material connecting petrochemicals with daily consumer goods (textile fibers, beverage packaging) and high-end manufacturing (films, engineering plastics). We are dedicated to providing stable supply, professional services, and precise market perception to become a reliable strategic partner in your polyester production system.

The core value of PTA lies in its unique and irreplaceable role as a diacid monomer in polyester synthesis. Its performance directly determines the quality of the final polyester product.

High purity and high quality: Modern PTA industrial products (fiber grade) typically have a purity of ≥ 99.9% (measured by acid value), and key impurities such as 4-carboxylbenzaldehyde (4-CBA) and p-methylbenzoic acid (p-TA) are controlled at the ppm level, which directly affects the molecular weight, color (b value), and processability of the polyester.

High reactivity: High-purity PTA can undergo efficient direct esterification and polycondensation reactions with ethylene glycol (EG), which is a technical prerequisite for modern continuous, large-scale polyester production facilities (such as the Jima and DuPont processes).

Industrial scale and cost advantages: The global annual consumption exceeds 100 million tons, and China’s production capacity dominates globally. Large-scale, integrated production brings significant cost and supply stability advantages.

The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.

The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.

Delivery&Payment method

The production plant of terephthalic acid (PTA) provides a complete range of applications including polyester fibers, polyester bottle blanks, industrial yarns, special polyesters, films, etc.

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Terephthalic Acid shipped?

Standard formats are Dag (25kg), IBC Dag (25kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Terephthalic Acid?

Yes. A full safety data sheet for CAS 100-21-0 is published and linked from this page; a signed copy is issued with the shipping documents.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.9%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Terephthalic Acid

Para against meta: terephthalic and isophthalic acid

Two benzenedicarboxylic acids, one formula. Only the position of the second group differs, and it decides how the…

Article

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🧬 Wizualizator molekuły 3D
Ładowanie molekuły...
Model 3D Terephthalic Acid, CAS 100-21-0, wzór sumaryczny C8H6O4, masa molowa 166.13 g/mol

Dane transkrybowane z rejestrów regulacyjnych i literatury fachowej, z podaniem źródła i wydania. Nie zastępują karty charakterystyki dostawcy. Pola bez zapisanego źródła oznaczone jako takie.

📊 Dane fizykochemiczne — CAS 100-21-0MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Właściwości fizykochemiczne

Szybki przegląd

Wzór: C8H6O4
MW: 166.13 g/mol
CAS: 100-21-0
🔬 Właściwości zaawansowane

Identyfikatory chemiczne

SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O

Ostatnia aktualizacja: niepotwierdzona

Przegląd chemiczny: Terephthalic AcidMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Wzór sumarycznyC8H6O4[1]
Masa cząsteczkowa166.13 g/mol[1]
Density1.51 g/cm³[1]
LogP (lipofilowość)2[1]
Nazwa IUPACterephthalic acid[1]
SMILESC1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O[1]
InChIKeyKKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synonimy: TEREPHTHALIC ACID · 100-21-0 · p-Phthalic acid · 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid · benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-09-21

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (1 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Wzór sumaryczny · Masa cząsteczkowa · Density · LogP (lipofilowość) · Nazwa IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

BADANIA NAUKOWE

[1]Arxiv2021
The influence of beam focus during laser powder bed fusion of a high reflectivity aluminium alloy -- AlSi$_{10}$Mg
Sagar Patel, Haoxiu Chen, Mihaela Vlasea et al.. (2021). "The influence of beam focus during laser powder bed fusion of a high reflectivity aluminium alloy -- AlSi$_{10}$Mg". arXiv (2105.07920v3). htt
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[2]Arxiv2017
Structure and Magnetism in the Bond Frustrated Spinel, ZnCr2Se4
P. Zajdel, W-Y. Li, W. Van Beek et al.. (2017). "Structure and Magnetism in the Bond Frustrated Spinel, ZnCr2Se4". arXiv (1701.08227v1). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.95.134401
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[3]Arxiv2016
A Spectroscopic Survey of Electronic Transitions of C$_6$H, $^{13}$C$_6$H, and C$_6$D
Xavier Bacalla, Edcel J. Salumbides, Harold Linnartz et al.. (2016). "A Spectroscopic Survey of Electronic Transitions of C$_6$H, $^{13}$C$_6$H, and C$_6$D". arXiv (1608.00880v1). https://doi.org/10.1
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
[4]Arxiv2006
The role of binding entropy in the refinement of protein-ligand docking predictions: analysis based on the use of…
Anatoly M. Ruvinsky. (2006). "The role of binding entropy in the refinement of protein-ligand docking predictions: analysis based on the use of 11 scoring functions". arXiv (physics/0608186v1).
Przejdź do pełnego badania ↗
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) 4 refs · 1 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live z 13+ baz)

Źródła: db:arxiv (4)

  1. db:arxiv Sagar Patel, Haoxiu Chen, Mihaela Vlasea et al.. (2021). "The influence of beam focus during laser powder bed fusion of a high reflectivity aluminium alloy -- AlSi$_{10}$Mg". arXiv (2105.07920v3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103112 →
  2. db:arxiv P. Zajdel, W-Y. Li, W. Van Beek et al.. (2017). "Structure and Magnetism in the Bond Frustrated Spinel, ZnCr2Se4". arXiv (1701.08227v1). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.95.134401 →
  3. db:arxiv Xavier Bacalla, Edcel J. Salumbides, Harold Linnartz et al.. (2016). "A Spectroscopic Survey of Electronic Transitions of C$_6$H, $^{13}$C$_6$H, and C$_6$D". arXiv (1608.00880v1). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06647 →
  4. db:arxiv Anatoly M. Ruvinsky. (2006). "The role of binding entropy in the refinement of protein-ligand docking predictions: analysis based on the use of 11 scoring functions". arXiv (physics/0608186v1).
Status regulacyjny substancji
Ta substancja podlega wymogom regulacyjnym: gospodarka odpadami niebezpiecznymi (BDO). Szczegoly w sekcji "Status regulacyjny (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" oraz na karcie SDS. Informacja regulacyjna — nie ogranicza zakupu w sklepie.
🧮 Kalkulator stechiometrycznyMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
100-21-0
Wzór sumaryczny
C8H6O4
Masa molowa
166.13 g/mol
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
terephthalic acid
SMILES
C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O
InChIKey
KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Literatura naukowa (17 artykuł)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Filtruj:
Sortuj:
📈 Oś czasu publikacji
2024
2025
2026
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.5100 g/cm³ @ 20°C

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identyfikatory zewnętrzneMolGod_EXTID_1
6 z 16 systemów ID38%
BazaIdentyfikatorAkcje
CAS Registry Number100-21-0Otwórz →
PubChem CID7489[1]Otwórz →
InChIKeyKKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Otwórz →
InChIInChI=1S/C8H6O4/c9-7(10)5-1-2-6(4-3-5)8(11)12/h1…[1]
SMILESC1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O[1]
ChEMBLCHEMBL1374420[2]Otwórz →

Źródła: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (2 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (7)

  1. ★★★★★ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Song S; Zhang J; Gözaydın G et al.. 2019. "Production of Terephthalic Acid from Corn Stover Lignin." Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English). link [dostep: 2026-09-23]
  2. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Hossain M; Hall SC; Wiggington PJ et al.. 2022. "Cytotoxic benzylidene hydrazides of terephthalic acid and related compounds." Die Pharmazie. link [dostep: 2026-09-23]
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Chavana, Julissa. 2023. "Photolysis: Humic acid and terephthalic acid.". https://doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.3c10006. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Synthesis of Terephthalic Acid from Methane.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01268.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976-14. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Test Method for Acid Number of Terephthalic Acid by Color-Indicator Titration.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d8032-20. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  7. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spektroskopia — CAS 100-21-0MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych — dane inline 9 źródeł MolGod_SPECDB_2

Widma pobierane na żądanie z 9 źródeł. Każde widmo jest zapisywane w naszej bazie — kolejne otwarcie = zero zapytania do zewnętrznego API. Pobierz JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG przy każdym widmie bez szukania.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
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🔗 Źródło
— punktów
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
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🔗 Źródło
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📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
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🔗 Źródło
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
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🔗 Źródło
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Dane pobierane są jednorazowo (parser JCAMP-DX) i zapisywane w lokalnej bazie wtyczki. Zero duplikatów pobrań, zero zapytań do NIST przy kolejnych otwarciach. Licencje przestrzegane (publikowany tylko deep-link + własna wizualizacja).

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Dane pobierane na żywo z wielu źródeł (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG dostępne do pobrania pod każdym widmem.

IR — Fourier-transform infrared

Ładowanie IR — Fourier-transform infrared…

MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)

Ładowanie MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)…

Wlasciwosci strukturalneMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Ladowanie danych strukturalnych...

❓ Najczęstsze pytania (10)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is Terephthalic Acid?
Terephthalic Acid (CAS 100-21-0) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H6O4 and a molecular weight of 166.13 g/mol. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Pomocne?
What is the CAS number of Terephthalic Acid?
The CAS number for Terephthalic Acid is 100-21-0. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Pomocne?
What is the chemical formula of Terephthalic Acid?
The molecular formula of Terephthalic Acid is C8H6O4. Its molecular weight is 166.13 g/mol.
Pomocne?
What is the melting point of Terephthalic Acid?
The melting point of Terephthalic Acid is 427.
Pomocne?
What is the density of Terephthalic Acid?
The density of Terephthalic Acid is 1.51.
Pomocne?
What is 100-21-0?
100-21-0 (CAS 100-21-0) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Pomocne?
What is the CAS number of 100-21-0?
The CAS number for 100-21-0 is 100-21-0. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Pomocne?
Is Terephthalic Acid hazardous?
Terephthalic Acid carries the GHS classification: Array, Array, Array, Danger, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489#section=Safety-and-Hazards. Read the safety data sheet before use and follow the handling precautions it states.
Pomocne?
How should Terephthalic Acid be stored?
Terephthalic Acid should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Pomocne?
How should 100-21-0 be stored?
100-21-0 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Pomocne?
➕ Zaproponuj pytanie
Pobierz pliki strukturyMolGod_STRDL_1

Pliki struktury molekularnej z bazy PubChem (NIH). Kompatybilne z programami: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Zrodlo: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 7489

🔄 Konwerter jednostek stężeń LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Wpisz stężenie Terephthalic Acid w dowolnej jednostce — reszta obliczy się automatycznie.

MW: 166.13 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Wzory konwersji + cytacje (per formuła)
KonwersjaWzórDokładnośćŹródło
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 źródeł autorytatywnych)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Podobne struktury molekularneMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Ladowanie podobnych struktur...

Wyjasnienia naukoweMolGod_EDU3D_1

Automatycznie wygenerowane wyjasnienia na podstawie wlasciwosci molekularnych i oznaczen GHS. Zrodlo: dane PubChem + klasyfikacja CLP/GHS.

Substancja o duzej gestosci

Gestosc 1.510 g/mL jest znacznie wieksza od wody. Wynika to z duzej masy atomowej skladnikow (np. halogenki, metale ciezkie) lub gesto upakowanej struktury krystalicznej.

Dane fizykochemiczne (PubChem/NIST)
🧪 Kreator przygotowania roztworu WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Wybierz stężenie
② Objętość docelowa
③ Rozpuszczalnik

Obliczenia wg: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chemia obliczeniowaMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Ladowanie danych obliczeniowych...

🛡️ Bezpieczeństwo — CAS 100-21-0MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Informacja o ograniczeniach danych. Informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa zawarte na tej stronie mają charakter informacyjny i nie zastępują pełnej karty charakterystyki (SDS). Przed użyciem produktu zapoznaj się z aktualną kartą charakterystyki producenta oraz wytycznymi GHS/CLP. Klasyfikacja CLP dotyczy czystej substancji bulk, nie preparatów handlowych.

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP — Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Niebezpieczeństwo (Danger)
GHS07 — Drażniące / szkodliwe
GHS07 Drażniące / szkodliwe
GHS08 — Zagrożenie dla zdrowia
GHS08 Zagrożenie dla zdrowia

🚨 Zwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H)

  • H320
  • H335 — Może powodować podrażnienie dróg oddechowych
  • H372 — Powoduje uszkodzenie narządów poprzez długotrwałe lub powtarzane narażenie
  • H302 — Działa szkodliwie po połknięciu
  • H316
  • H361 — Podejrzewa się, że działa szkodliwie na płodność lub na dziecko w łonie matki
  • H373 — Może powodować uszkodzenie narządów poprzez długotrwałe lub powtarzane narażenie

🛡 Zwroty określające środki ostrożności (P)

  • P261 — Unikać wdychania pyłu/dymu/gazu/mgły/par/rozpylonej cieczy
  • P260 — Nie wdychać pyłu/dymu/gazu/mgły/par/rozpylonej cieczy
  • P203 — Przed użyciem uzyskać, przeczytać i postępować zgodnie ze wszystkimi instrukcjami dotyczącymi bezpieczeństwa

⚠ Klasyfikacja na podstawie konsensusu źródeł (PubChem / zgłoszenia dostawców) — nie zweryfikowano względem zharmonizowanej klasyfikacji w załączniku VI (CLP). Zakres zagrożeń może być szerszy niż klasyfikacja urzędowa; przed zastosowaniem zweryfikować z aktualną kartą charakterystyki dostawcy.

Tłumaczenia: Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008, Załącznik III i IV. Dane: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Skonsolidowane referencje naukowe — Chicago Author-Date 10 źródeł

Referencje zebrane ze wszystkich zakładek Safety Hub. CAS: 100-21-0 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulacje
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Zakładki z własnymi referencjami (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) zawierają dodatkowe pozycje bibliograficzne wewnątrz swoich sekcji.

📈 Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: przecinek, spacja, tab, nowa linia. Min 3 pomiary.
📐 Formuły statystyczne
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — średnia arytmetyczna
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — wariancja próby
  • s = √s² — odchylenie standardowe
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — względne odchylenie
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test Grubbsa
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Kalkulator receptur buforów UNIKALNE
References: Wartości pKa z Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.

Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy

📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
Status farmakologiczny

Prekliniczny

Faza I
Faza II
Faza III
Dopuszczony

Przedkliniczny — brak danych z badań na ludziach.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1374420 ↗

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Chavana, Julissa. 2023. "Photolysis: Humic acid and terephthalic acid.". https://doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.3c10006. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Synthesis of Terephthalic Acid from Methane.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01268.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976-14. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Test Method for Acid Number of Terephthalic Acid by Color-Indicator Titration.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d8032-20. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 Project Planner — Lab experiment manager NOWOŚĆ

Zaplanuj cały projekt laboratoryjny: dodaj eksperymenty z reagentami, powtórzeniami i czasem trwania. Otrzymasz wykres Gantta, listę zakupów (linki do sklepu!), budżet z 10% marginesem i macierz ryzyka GHS.

🧪 Rozpuszczalność i kompatybilność z solwentami MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekuła
Terephthalic Acid
Wzór
C8H6O4
logP (XLogP3)
2.00
Masa (g/mol)
166.13
Polarność
Hydrofobowa (niepolarna)

⚠️ Estymacja GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Brak danych literaturowych HSP dla tego CAS — precyzja ±2 MPa½. Weryfikuj eksperymentalnie.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Solwent Kompat. Ra Wizual GC-MS HPLC Zastosowania Referencje
Water (H₂O)0.015 g/L (pomiar)—
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone——brak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)——brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO——brak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF——brak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)——brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane——brak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentów (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria rozpuszczalności (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilności):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Kompletny tabularny zestaw 250+ rozpuszczalników (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 100-21-0 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Sprawdź kompatybilność reakcji MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
2 0 0
Zdrowie: 2/4
Palność: 0/4
Reaktywność: 0/4
Wg NFPA 704 / obliczone z H-codes

Sprawdź czy Terephthalic Acid jest kompatybilny z innym odczynnikiem

📦 Matryca kompatybilności przechowywania
Kwasy Zasady Utleniacze Łatwopalne Toksyczne Gazy
Kwasy ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Zasady ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Utleniacze ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Łatwopalne ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toksyczne ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Można razem · ⚠ Ostrożnie · ✗ NIE przechowywać razem · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dane kompatybilności z: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Kalkulatory laboratoryjne (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Rozcieńczenie (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarność (M=n/V)
pH Bufor (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masa → Mole
Stężenie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formuły zweryfikowane: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator protokołu laboratoryjnego MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokół wygenerowany na podstawie: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generator etykiety (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Terephthalic Acid• p-Phthalic acid / p-Dicarboxybenzene• IUPAC: terephthalic acid• CAS: 100-21-0• EC: 202-830-0• Wzór: C8H6O4• Masa: 166.13 g/molNIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWOZwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H):(zgłoszenia dostawców — samoklasyfikacja, niewiążące)H335 H372 H302 H361 H373P203 P260 P261WYŁĄCZNIE DO CELÓW LABORATORYJNYCH!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP

Przykłady poniżej — kliknij żeby wstawić:
Gotowe przepisy:
📚 Przegląd literatury naukowej — CAS 100-21-0MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 20 publikacji
🏆 CAS 100-21-0 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2024) · Nature Communications
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2024) · open access
    SCORE 11.48 Mechanizm Citations: 29 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Ewan Waters; Alex Conradie; Rajesh Reddy Bommareddy (2026)
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 9.45 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2024) · Molecules
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2024) · open access
    SCORE 9.38 Mechanizm Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2025) · ACS Sustainable Resource Management
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · open access
    SCORE 8.86 Mechanizm Citations: 3 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    et al. (2025) · Microorganisms
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.95 Farmakologia Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Nakagame S, Kawao T, Narita D et al. (2024) · Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2024) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Przemysł Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2026) · ChemSusChem
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    Satoshi CHUBACHI, Maya OKAI, Lina YOSHIDA et al. (2026) · Electrochemistry
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2026) · RSC Advances
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2025) · Polymers
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    et al. (2026) · Biotechnology Letters
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    Yuan Qiao; Ali Reza Kamali (2026) · Small
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2025) · Chemistry of Materials
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    et al. (2026) · Chemical Communications
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026)
    SCORE 4.9 Mechanizm Citations: 1 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    Van-Phuoc Thai; Toru Sasaki (2026) · Talanta
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026)
    SCORE 4.8 Analityka DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    et al. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026)
    SCORE 4.8 Mechanizm DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (2026) · Journal of Biotechnology
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026)
    SCORE 4 Przemysł DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    Ankita C. Maurya; Amrik Bhattacharya; Sunil K. Khare (2025) · Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025)
    SCORE 4 Farmakologia DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    Vural C, Ettadili H (2024) · Folia microbiologica
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2024)
    SCORE 4 Mechanizm DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  20. #20
    Hossain M; Hall SC; Wiggington PJ et al. (2022) · Die Pharmazie
    Dlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon)
    SCORE 3.6 Farmakologia MUST-CITE DOI ↗
🔬 HPLC — metody i parametry — CAS 100-21-0MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
📈 Gradient HPLC — optymalizator (LSS) SZABLON

Gradient oparty na PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, ch. 9).

  • Kolumna: C18
  • Bufor: phosphate
  • Przepływ: 1 mL/min
  • logP: 2 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Rampa: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Całkowity czas analizy: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Komentarz
0 79 21 1 start (równowaga)
2 79 21 1 koniec hold init
17 5 95 1 koniec rampy LSS
22 5 95 1 mycie kolumny
23 79 21 1 powrót do init
28 79 21 1 reekwilibracja
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/100-21-0

📐 Wymiary kolumny — kalkulator van Deemter N=12,466

Wzór: H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).

Wymiary150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Płyty teoretyczne (N)12,466
N przy u_opt12,500
HETP (obecna)12.032 µm
HETP min12 µm
Prędkość liniowa (u)0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)0.12 cm/s
Ciśnienie wsteczne (ΔP)42.1 bar
Czas analizy (mart-vol)2.49 min
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
  2. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
  3. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
  4. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
  6. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
  7. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
  8. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
  9. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/column/100-21-0

🧪 Faza ruchoma — macierz kompatybilności MISCIBLE
Składnik Nazwa UV cutoff (nm) P' Detektory
Rozp. Acetonitrile (MeCN) 190 5.8 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Rozp. Water 190 10.2 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Bufor Phosphate (KH2PO4 / K2HPO4) 195 pH 2.0-3.0 / 6.5-8.0 / 11.0-12.5 MS ✗

Detektor: UV — kompatybilny z oboma rozpuszczalnikami.

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
  2. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
  4. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
  5. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
  6. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
  7. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
  8. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/mobile-phase?solvent_a=...&solvent_b=...

Kompletny przewodnik po metodzie HPLC Recenzowane

Scenariusze specyficzne dla cząsteczki, rozwiązywanie problemów i odniesienia literaturowe

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 100-21-0) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
6.2 min
Range: 4.34 – 8.06
confidence: medium
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.01 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Prawdziwy problem chemika

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.

Jak to rozwiązujemy

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Kalkulator interaktywny

Deep Education

Zrozumieć chemię fazy ruchomej

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=166.13, CAS 100-21-0) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Peak tailing ruined my results

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.
Lesson learned (Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa, 2024-03):
Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla terephthalic acid (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

Eksport chromatogramu do raportu

Your boss wants a PNG of the chromatogram for a presentation. You only have ChemStation with a .ch file. How to get from .ch → PNG?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=166.13 (CAS 100-21-0) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Detection Gotcha

Pressure too high — what next?

Pressure rises to 400 bar (max 300 for this column). The system is blaring an alarm. Do you shut the pump down? Yes/no?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

OOS investigation — 1 batch fail per spec

Assay 97.5% (spec 98-102%). OOS opened. Within 24h you must determine: root cause (sample / method / system). How?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla terephthalic acid (CAS 100-21-0) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analiza powypadkowa — prawdziwe historie porażek Wnioski

Prawdziwe wpadki chemików — co się stało, co pomogło, czego unikać.

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW 2024-11-15 Poziom 2/5
Co się stało:

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.

💡 Lekcja:

ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
Co się stało:

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
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Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 100-21-0). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
L-Proline
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📄 Certyfikaty Analiz (CoA) CAS 100-21-0 brak MolGod_COA_2

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📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

Standardy zarządzania batchami i certyfikacji laboratoryjnej — 13 niezależnych źródeł (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
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📜 Patenty (publiczne metadane) brak danych MolGod_PATENT_2

Aktualnie nie znaleziono publicznych metadanych patentowych dla tej substancji w Crossref / OpenAlex. Dane uzupełnimy automatycznie po odświeżeniu cache (24h).

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
  1. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  2. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  3. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  4. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  5. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  6. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  7. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  8. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  11. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  12. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/100-21-0?status=active&limit=10

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Chavana, Julissa. 2023. "Photolysis: Humic acid and terephthalic acid.". https://doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.3c10006. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Synthesis of Terephthalic Acid from Methane.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01268.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976-14. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Test Method for Acid Number of Terephthalic Acid by Color-Indicator Titration.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d8032-20. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Specification for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA).". https://doi.org/10.1520/d7976. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
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📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 120 items

Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 100-21-0. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 100-21-0. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=100-21-0.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 100-21-0. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 100-21-0. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=100-21-0.

📐 Standardy / Wytyczne

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Książki

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Strony internetowe

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
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