What is Succinic acid?

Succinic acid (CAS 110-15-6) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H6O4 and a molar mass of 118.09 g/mol. Chemical data from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).

What is the CAS number of Succinic acid?

The CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Service) for Succinic acid is 110-15-6.

What is the chemical formula of Succinic acid?

The molecular formula of Succinic acid is C4H6O4. IUPAC name: butanedioic acid.

Where to buy Succinic acid (CAS 110-15-6)?

Succinic acid (CAS 110-15-6) is available at Eapearl Chemical: https://epchems.online/products/succinic-acid/. Current price and availability information can be found on the product page.

Succinic Acid

Amber acid

CAS 110-15-6 EC 203-740-4 C4H6O4 Other SDS published CLP Danger

📄 Download SDS Card (PDF)

MolGod_SDSCARD_1

REACH 2020/878

v2 · 08.09.2026

Specification

Product Name	Succinic Acid
Other Names	Amber acid
CAS No.	110-15-6
EINECS No.	203-740-4
MF	C4H6O4
Molecular weight	118.09
Purity	99.50%
Appearance	A white, odorless solid with a sour taste
Density	1.19 g/mL at 25 °C
Melting point	185°C
Boiling point	235°C
Flashing point	230°F

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

Danger

Classification source — PubChem C&L (consensus filter, not harmonised)

No harmonised entry exists for this substance; the classification shown is the supplier consensus reported to ECHA and should be confirmed for your intended use.

H318 Causes serious eye damage

Precautionary statements (1)

P264 Wash thoroughly after handling

Full safety data sheet CLP label (EN)

Substance identity verified against the registry entry on 2026-09-02.

Packaging and shipping

Drum25 kg

IBC Drum1000 kg

ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³

ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³

Succinic Acid (CAS 110-15-6) is a high-purity organic acid with excellent stability, good biodegradability, and strong reactivity. It appears as a white crystalline substance at room temperature with good solubility in water and alcohol. With molecular formula C₄H₆O₄ and molecular weight 118.09, it shows good compatibility with various chemical systems. Our Succinic Acid is mainly supplied as industrial or food grade with strict quality control, low moisture and impurity content, and stable performance. It is widely used in chemical synthesis, biodegradable materials, and food additives. As a key raw material in green chemistry and sustainable industries, it ensures high efficiency and stable performance in various applications.

Succinic Acid Multi-functional Solution | Covers chemical synthesis, biodegradable materials and food additives | Stable supply & reliable quality

Product Description

Succinic Acid (CAS 110-15-6) is an important high-purity organic acid widely used in the chemical, food, and biodegradable materials industry.

It has good chemical stability, excellent biodegradability, and strong reactivity, making it an essential intermediate in various chemical processes.

It appears as a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is easily soluble in water and alcohol. Our Succinic Acid is produced as industrial or food grade with purity over 99.50%, strict control of moisture, heavy metals, and other impurities, ensuring stable and consistent quality for industrial use.

Succinic Acid is mainly used in chemical synthesis, usually as a key intermediate for the production of resins, coatings, plasticizers, and biodegradable polymers to improve material performance and processing efficiency.

It is also applied in food additives, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture as a mild and efficient acidulant or functional ingredient. In usage, Succinic Acid is dissolved and blended evenly with other materials under controlled conditions to ensure uniformity and stability.

It is widely applied in biodegradable materials, food processing, and fine chemicals industries. With high efficiency and stable performance, Succinic Acid has become an indispensable basic material in modern green chemistry and sustainable industries.

Succinic Acid Multi-functional Solution | Covers chemical synthesis, biodegradable materials and food additives | Stable supply & reliable quality

Delivery&Payment method

Succinic Acid Multi-functional Solution | Covers chemical synthesis, biodegradable materials and food additives | Stable supply & reliable quality

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Succinic Acid shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (25 kg), IBC Drum (1000 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Succinic Acid?

Yes. A full safety data sheet for CAS 110-15-6 is published and linked from this page; a signed copy is issued with the shipping documents.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.50%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Succinic Acid

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🧬 3D Molecule Visualizer

Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.

📊 Physicochemical data — CAS 110-15-6MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN

📊 Physicochemical properties

Quick Reference

Formula: C₄H₆O₄

MW: 118.09 g/mol

CAS: 110-15-6

🔬 Advanced Properties

Chemical Identifiers

SMILES: C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O

Last updated: 2026-09-21

Property	Value	Unit	Conditions	Source
Melting point	186.5 ^[1]^[2]	°C	1 atm	No primary source
Water solubility	83.2	g/L	25°C	No primary source
logP (octanol/water)	-0.6 ^[3]	—		No primary source

Chemical Overview: Succinic AcidMolGod_OVERVIEW_1

Molecular formula	C₄H₆O₄^[1]
Molecular weight	118.09 g/mol^[1]
Melting point	186.5 °C^[1]^[2]
LogP (lipophilicity)	-0.6^[1]
IUPAC name	butanedioic acid^[1]
SMILES	`C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O`^[1]
InChIKey	`KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N`^[1]

Synonyms: succinic acid · butanedioic acid · 110-15-6 · Amber acid · Asuccin

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-09-21

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (2 sources)

PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · Melting point · LogP (lipophilicity) · IUPAC name · SMILES · InChIKey
NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗ dotyczy: Melting point

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

[1]PubMed2026

Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.

Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405

[2]CrossRef2026

Cartoon / Vorschau

(2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110

[3]PubMed2025

Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.

Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.o

[4]PubMed2025

Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.

Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6

[5]PubMed2025

Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.

Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y

[6]PubMed2025

Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.

Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.10362

[7]PubMed2025

Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.

Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017

[8]PubMed2025

Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.

Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitran

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) 19 refs · 3 baz

MOLECULE Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)

Sources: db:pubmed (15) · db:crossref (2) · db:arxiv (3)

db:pubmed Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405 →
db:crossref (2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110 →
db:pubmed Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004 →
db:pubmed Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6 →
db:pubmed Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y →
db:pubmed Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103623 →
db:pubmed Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017 →
db:pubmed Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr4458 →
db:pubmed Nengroo MA, Klein AT, Carr HS et al.. (2025). "Accumulation of succinate suppresses de novo purine synthesis through succinylation-mediated control of the mitochondrial folate cycle.". Molecular cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.002 →
db:pubmed Huang H, Li G, He Y et al.. (2024). "Cellular succinate metabolism and signaling in inflammation: implications for therapeutic intervention.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404441 →
db:pubmed Zhao X, Yang X, Du C et al.. (2024). "Up-regulated succinylation modifications induce a senescence phenotype in microglia by altering mitochondrial energy metabolism.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03284-4 →
db:pubmed Rawal S, Randhawa V, Rizvi SHM et al.. (2024). "miR-369-3p ameliorates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage succinate-GPR91 signalling.". Cardiovascular research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvae102 →
db:pubmed Han G, Cui M, Lu P et al.. (2024). "Selective translation of nuclear mitochondrial respiratory proteins reprograms succinate metabolism in AML development and chemoresistance.". Cell stem cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2024.09.008 →
db:arxiv Glenn Wagner, Chunyu Guo, Philip J. W. Moll et al.. (2023). "Phenomenology of bond and flux orders in kagome metals". arXiv (2307.02528v2). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.108.125136 →
db:pubmed Ben-Arosh H, Avraham R. (2023). "Tissue-specific macrophage immunometabolism.". Current opinion in immunology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2023.102369 →
db:pubmed Shen T, Lin R, Hu C et al.. (2023). "Succinate-induced macrophage polarization and RBP4 secretion promote vascular sprouting in ocular neovascularization.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02998-1 →
db:arxiv Qinqin Wang, Jian Tang, Xiaomei Li et al.. (2022). "Layer-by-Layer Epitaxy of Multilayer MoS2 Wafers". arXiv (2203.09720v1). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac077 →
db:arxiv M. Bozkurt, M. R. Mahani, P. Studer et al.. (2013). "Magnetic Anisotropy of Single Mn Acceptors in GaAs in an External Magnetic Field". arXiv (1304.3303v2). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.88.205203 →
db:crossref (2011). "Clúdach: Cover". New Hibernia Review. https://doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2011.0038 →

Regulatory status of the substance

This substance is subject to regulatory requirements: hazardous waste management (BDO register). Details in the \"Regulatory Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)\" section and on the SDS. Regulatory information — does not restrict purchase in this store.

🧮 Stoichiometry CalculatorMolGod_STOICH_1

🧪 Chemical DataMolGod_CHEMDATA_1

CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular formula: C4H6O4
Molar mass: 118.09 g/mol
IUPAC name (EN): butanedioic acid
SMILES: C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

📚 Scientific literature (4 articles)MolGod_LITSCI_1

🔓

Efficient structure elucidation and investigation on the antibacterial activity of Carbamide-Butanedioic Acid: DFT perspectives.

et al. · (2025)

DOI ↗PubMed ↗PDF ↗

🔒

Electro-Stimulated Dual-Species Catalysis Enables CO2 Fixation Toward Selective 1,4-Butanedioic Acid Biosynthesis. 1 citations

(2025)

DOI ↗PubMed ↗

🔓

Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, 2,3-bis[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido] butanedioic acid (BF142), improves baseline insulin secretion of MIN6 insulinoma cells. 5 citations

et al. · (2020)

DOI ↗PubMed ↗PDF ↗

🔓

Exploring Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Molecule Carbamide Butanedioic Acid – a Dft Approach

S.K.Amjath Kudos, S. Madhan Kumar, Binisha B et al. · (2024)

DOI ↗PDF ↗

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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2

Temp. topnienia: 185.9
Density: 1.572

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: 2026-09-21

🔍 External identifiersMolGod_EXTID_1

15 of 16 ID systems94%

Database	Identifier	Actions
CAS Registry Number	110-15-6	Open →
PubChem CID	1110^[1]	Open →
InChIKey	KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N^[1]	Open →
InChI	InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(…^[1]
SMILES	C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O^[1]
EC Number	203-740-4^[2]	Open →
ChEMBL	CHEMBL576^[3]	Open →
DrugBank	DB00139	Open →
KEGG Compound	C00042	Open →
HMDB	HMDB0000254	Open →
ChemSpider	1078^[4]	Open →
MeSH UID (NLM)	D019802	Open →
UNII (FDA)	AB6MNQ6J6L	Open →
NSC Number (NCI)	25949	Open →
WikiData QID	Q213050	Open →

Sources: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)

PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Extended Bibliography (6)

★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (probable) ❓ unverified Jung Y; Song JS; Ahn S. 2022. "Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of (13)C-Labeled Succinic Acid in Mice." Nutrients. link [accessed: 2026-09-23]
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp072606g.s001. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)

📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 110-15-6MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN

📊 Spectroscopic spectra databases — inline data 9 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

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— points

📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

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— points

📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A

UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB

CC-BY-SA 4.0

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— points

📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g

MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America

CC-BY 4.0

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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777

IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)

Free for non-commercial

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →

📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)

JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs

Reference only

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 JP Monograph →

📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)

WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names

WHO Model Lists (free)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

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📚 WHO INN Programme

DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals

OA journal index (mixed)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 DOAJ →

📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

🔬 Interactive spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum. ⓘ Single source ★★☆☆☆ ⓘ Single source ★★☆☆☆

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Structural propertiesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

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❓ Frequently asked questions (3)MolGod_FAQ_1

What is 110-15-6?

110-15-6 (CAS 110-15-6) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).

Helpful?

What is the CAS number of 110-15-6?

The CAS number for 110-15-6 is 110-15-6. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.

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How should 110-15-6 be stored?

110-15-6 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.

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Download structure filesMolGod_STRDL_1

Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.

📄 .SDF 📄 .MOL 📈 3D JSON 🌐 More formats (PubChem)

Source: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 1110

🔄 Concentration unit converter LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Enter the Succinic Acid concentration in any unit — the rest will be calculated automatically.

MW: 118.09 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversion formulas + citations (per formula)

Conversion	Formula	Accuracy	Source
% (w/v) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW	±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mL	IUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molar	c (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)	c = n/V = (m/MW)/V	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous	±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)	IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1	±0.2%	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin	T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15	±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)	BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit	T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32	±0.1 °F	Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL	±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)

📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)

Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
→ Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
→ Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
→ International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
→ General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
→ Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
→ Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
→ Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
→ Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book

Similar molecular structuresMolGod_SIMSTR_1

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🧪 Solution Preparation Wizard WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1

① Select concentration

② Target volume

③ Solvent

Calculations per: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Computational chemistryMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

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🛡️ Safety — CAS 110-15-6MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN

Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.

GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Danger

GHS05 Corrosive

🚨 Hazard statements (H)

H318 — Causes serious eye damage

🛡 Precautionary statements (P)

P264 — Wash thoroughly after handling

⚠ Classification based on a consensus of sources (PubChem / supplier notifications) — not verified against the harmonised classification in Annex VI (CLP). The scope of hazards may be broader than the official classification; verify against the supplier's current safety data sheet before use.

Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.

☢️ Toxicological data (IARC + EPA CTX)

🧬 IARC Carcinogen Classification

IARC classification:

No individual IARC entry for this CAS No separate IARC monograph in the checked lists — this is NOT confirmation of a lack of carcinogenicity. Check the CLP/GHS classification (CMR / GHS section).

🌍 Ecotoxicology & environmental fate (SDS sec. 8/12)

EC₅₀ (Daphnia): 374 mg/L (Daphnia magna, 48 h)

Source: U.S. EPA ECOTOX Knowledgebase — https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/

🔬 Occupational exposure limits (PubChem × NIOSH/OSHA)

ℹ️ Supplier GHS notifications (self-classification — non-binding)

No harmonized CLP classification (Annex VI) is available for this CAS number. The codes below are aggregated supplier self-classifications (ECHA C&L notifications made available via PubChem) — they are NOT a harmonized classification and may be redundant. The supplier's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) remains the binding source.

Highest reported warning signal: Danger (per notifier submissions, non-binding)

H318 H319

📚 Sources: IARC Monographs (WHO) · PubChem Compound (CID 1110)
Last verified: 2026-09-21

📚 Sources · Bibliography (Chicago Notes-Bibliography)

Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405 [DOI]
(2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110 [DOI]
Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004 [DOI]
Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6 [DOI]
Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y [DOI]
Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103623 [DOI]
Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017 [DOI]
Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr4458 [DOI]
Nengroo MA, Klein AT, Carr HS et al.. (2025). "Accumulation of succinate suppresses de novo purine synthesis through succinylation-mediated control of the mitochondrial folate cycle.". Molecular cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.002 [DOI]
Huang H, Li G, He Y et al.. (2024). "Cellular succinate metabolism and signaling in inflammation: implications for therapeutic intervention.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404441 [DOI]
Zhao X, Yang X, Du C et al.. (2024). "Up-regulated succinylation modifications induce a senescence phenotype in microglia by altering mitochondrial energy metabolism.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03284-4 [DOI]
Rawal S, Randhawa V, Rizvi SHM et al.. (2024). "miR-369-3p ameliorates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage succinate-GPR91 signalling.". Cardiovascular research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvae102 [DOI]
Han G, Cui M, Lu P et al.. (2024). "Selective translation of nuclear mitochondrial respiratory proteins reprograms succinate metabolism in AML development and chemoresistance.". Cell stem cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2024.09.008 [DOI]
Ben-Arosh H, Avraham R. (2023). "Tissue-specific macrophage immunometabolism.". Current opinion in immunology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2023.102369 [DOI]
Shen T, Lin R, Hu C et al.. (2023). "Succinate-induced macrophage polarization and RBP4 secretion promote vascular sprouting in ocular neovascularization.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02998-1 [DOI]

🚨 Emergency procedure — chemical spill Irritant

CAS 110-15-6 GHS: H318 💨 Ventilation

🥽 PPE — Personal protective equipment

Goggles: Yes

Suit: lab coat

📦 Small spill (<1L) — absorbent: inert absorbent (vermiculite) / dry collection

⚠️ GENERIC procedure derived from the GHS classification (no curated data for this CAS). Always follow the supplier's current Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

1. Ventilate; avoid skin/eye contact and dust inhalation.
2. Collect mechanically into a container; rinse residues with water.
3. Mark the slippery/contaminated surface.
4. Wash the area with water; treat residues and absorbent as hazardous waste.

🛢️ Large spill (>1L)

1. Restrict the area; PPE: gloves, goggles, a half-mask if dust is generated.
2. Contain and collect mechanically; hand over for disposal according to classification.
3. Collect mechanically into a labeled UN container; hand over to an authorized company (Polish Waste Database, BDO).
4. Report the incident per the OHS procedure; on release to the environment notify the Regional Environmental Inspectorate (WIOŚ).

🩹 First aid

🧴 Skin

1. Remove contaminated clothing.
2. Rinse the skin with plenty of water for ≥15 min.

👁️ Eyes

1. Rinse with water for ≥15 min, eyelids held open; remove contact lenses.
2. See an ophthalmologist if irritation persists.

🫁 Inhalation

1. Move the casualty to fresh air, comfortable position.
2. If short of breath — oxygen / doctor.

🍽️ Ingestion

1. Rinse the mouth with water; do NOT induce vomiting.
2. Poison information centre, Poland: +48 42 631 47 24. Outside Poland, call your national poison centre.

🌍 Environment: Water: Medium; Soil: Low; ❌ Do not release into drains; Waste Code: 16 05 06*

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — 8

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets — Section 6: Accidental Release Measures. ECHA. [link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Hazard classes and H-statements. Official Journal of the European Union L 353. [link ↗]
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC. [link ↗]
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2024. 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗]
National Fire Protection Association. 2018. NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. NFPA. [link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III). Official Journal of the European Union L 197: 1–37. [link ↗]
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2024. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [link ↗]
European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1. ECHA. [link ↗]

Sources: GHS/CLP classification (PubChem/SDS) — generic fallback · ECHA Guidance on SDS (section 6) · NIOSH Pocket Guide. Indicative data only — in an emergency, always follow the supplier's instructions and local occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations.

♻️ Chemical waste disposal Irritant

📋 EWC code (European Waste Catalogue):
16 05 06* Laboratory and analytical chemicals (reagents) containing hazardous substances

A code with an asterisk (*) = hazardous waste requiring BDO registration + a transport protocol (Waste Transfer Card).

🌍 Environmental hazard: NO

💧 Risk of water contamination: YES

🌱 Risk of soil contamination: NO

🚫 NOT down the drain: YES

⚠️ Large spill — HAZMAT response: NO

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

European Commission. 2014. Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC. Official Journal of the European Union. Decyzja 2014/955/UE. [link ↗] — European List of Waste (LoW) — 6-digit EWC codes + asterisk for hazardous
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. [link ↗] — Polish waste catalogue — implementation of Decision 2014/955/EU
Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. [link ↗] — Central register of the Polish Waste Database (BDO) — full list of companies authorised for waste management
Poland — Sejm of the Republic of Poland. 2012. Act of 14 December 2012 on waste. Journal of Laws (Dz.U.) 2013 item 21 (as amended). [link ↗] — National act — defines the waste producer's obligations + registration in the Polish Waste Database (BDO)
Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety. CRC Press. — Laboratory waste classification + segregation procedures (Waste Management chapter); EN 374:2013 glove standards for personnel handling hazardous waste.
Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. Elsevier. — Per-CAS waste classification + incompatibilities — input for EWC mapping.
Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Wiley. — Reactivity + storage compatibility of waste (oxidisers vs flammables — separate streams).
NIOSH. 2024. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [link ↗] — PEL/REL/IDLH per CAS — basis for the PPE required during waste transport (KPO — Waste Transfer Card).
OSHA. 2024. Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. [link ↗] — 29 CFR 1910.120 — training + PPE for handling hazardous waste.
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive). Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. [link ↗] — Waste management hierarchy (prevention → recovery → disposal); defines "hazardous waste".
European Parliament and Council. 2009. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures. Official Journal of the European Union L 353. [link ↗] — CLP H-statement classification → mapping to EWC * (asterisk = hazardous).
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025). UNECE. [link ↗] — ADR — requirements for transporting hazardous waste (KPO — Waste Transfer Card + UN number + classes 1–9).
IPCS INCHEM. 2024. International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines. WHO/UNEP/ILO. [link ↗] — International guidelines for neutralisation + disposal per CAS.
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste. Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. [link ↗] — Cross-border transfer of hazardous waste — notification + consent requirements before export

📋 Regulatory compliance checklist Irritant 2 required 7 items

ℹ️ Regulatory obligations checklist for CAS 110-15-6. Status based on: ADR 2025 (Table A), REACH Annex XVII, CLP Annex VI (harmonised classification), hazard class from the m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS and the Polish OEL list. Principle: no data = no claim (we do NOT declare "no restrictions" without a basis).

▣ SDS (Safety Data Sheet) available required

How to comply: Requirement: current SDS compliant with Reg. 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II, 16-section format.

Legal basis: Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Annex II
📎 Source / form ↗
▣ Compliant CLP label (pictograms + signal word + H/P) required

How to comply: The label must include: GHS pictograms, the signal word (Danger/Warning), hazard (H) and precautionary (P) statements, and manufacturer details. Required since 2010 (substances) and 2015 (mixtures).

Legal basis: Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33
📎 Source / form ↗
❓ ADR transport (international agreement) to be verified

How to comply: No ADR data in the MOL-GOD dataset for this CAS number. Do NOT assume there are no restrictions — before shipping, verify the transport classification in ADR 2025 (Table A) and in section 14 of the safety data sheet (SDS).

Legal basis: European Agreement ADR 2025 + Act of 19 August 2011 on the transport of dangerous goods
📎 Source / form ↗
🔵 REACH registration (>1 t/year EU import) conditional

How to comply: Importers/manufacturers ≥1 tonne/year must register the substance with ECHA (technical dossier + Chemical Safety Report if ≥10 t). Check the ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.

Legal basis: Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
📎 Source / form ↗
❓ SVHC notification (Substances of Very High Concern) to be verified

How to comply: SVHC status not verified against the available dataset — check the current ECHA candidate list; do not assume the absence of an entry.

Legal basis: REACH Art. 7(2) + 33 — SVHC notification + communication
📎 Source / form ↗
❓ REACH Annex XIV (authorisation list) to be verified

How to comply: Not verified against the ECHA Authorisation List — check REACH Annex XIV.

Legal basis: Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XIV — authorisation
📎 Source / form ↗
❓ REACH Annex XVII (use/marketing restrictions) to be verified

How to comply: Brak wpisu w zbiorze klasyfikacji zharmonizowanej (CLP Załącznik VI) dla tego numeru CAS — status poz. 28–30 (zakaz CMR) NIEZWERYFIKOWANY; nie zakładać braku ograniczenia. Zbiór ograniczeń Załącznika XVII również niepełny — sprawdź skonsolidowany Załącznik XVII oraz klasyfikację zharmonizowaną CMR na stronach ECHA.

Legal basis: Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII — restrictions on manufacture/placing on the market/use
📎 Source / form ↗

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classification, labelling and packaging of substances + mixtures (GHS implementation in the EU)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals; SVHC; SDS Annex II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. [link ↗] — NDS and NDSCh for ~600 chemical substances — current Polish occupational exposure limits
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2025. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — International agreement on the road transport of dangerous goods — UN numbers, classes, packaging

📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 110-15-6 · PubChem ↗

Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.

📈 Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Measurement results:

Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.

📐 Statistical formulas

x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
s = √s² — standard deviation
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs' test
Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Buffer Recipe Calculator UNIQUE

Choose a buffer from the list of 20 popular systems → enter the target pH → get an exact recipe with the masses to weigh out.

Step 1: Choose a buffer system

📜 Recipe history (last 10)

Pharmacological Status

Badania kliniczne Faza 3

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Approved

Phase III — large-scale multicenter comparative trials in a broad population.

ChEMBL CHEMBL576 ↗

Extended Bibliography (5)

★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp072606g.s001. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)

📅 Project Planner — Lab Experiment Manager NEW

Plan your entire laboratory project: add experiments with reagents, replicates, and duration. You'll get a Gantt chart, a shopping list (with links to the store!), a budget with a 10% margin, and a GHS risk matrix.

🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility MolGod_SOLUB_1

Molecule

Succinic Acid

Formula

C4H6O4

logP (XLogP3)

-0.60

Mass (g/mol)

118.09

Polarity

Hydrophilic (polar)

⚠️ HSP estimate (literature / group contribution). Indicative data — does not replace experimental studies.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

Solvent	Compat.	Ra	GC-MS	HPLC	Applications	References
Water (H₂O)	83.2 g/L (pomiar)	20.8	✗ Nie	A (aqueous) (RP)	buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)	Hansen (2007) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗IAPWS ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Ethanol (EtOH)	+ Good	7.9	✗ Nie	A/B modifier (RP/NP)	extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier	Hansen (2007) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
Methanol (MeOH)	+ Good	8.0	✗ Nie	A/B (RP) (RP)	HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm	Snyder & Kirkland ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗GESTIS ↗
Acetone	− Poor	17.8	✗ Nie	B modifier (NP)	GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis	Reichardt (2011) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
Acetonitrile (ACN)	− Poor	20.1	✗ Nie	B (RP) (RP)	HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis	Aguilar, M.I. ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
DMSO	− Poor	14.3	✗ Nie	N/A (N/A)	NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis	Wypych, G. ↗NIST ↗Wypych 2019 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
THF	− Poor	16.9	✗ Nie	B (NP) (NP)	GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics	Armarego (2009) ↗NIST ↗Armarego 2009 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)	− Poor	18.0	✓ Tak	B (NP) (NP)	extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)	NIST WebBook ↗NIST ↗IARC 71 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Chloroform (CHCl₃)	− Poor	19.5	✓ Tak	N/A (toxic) (N/A)	NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC	IARC Monographs ↗NIST ↗IARC 73 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Hexane	− Poor	27.1	✓ Tak	A (NP) (NP)	NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)	Dass, C. (2011) ↗NIST ↗ATSDR n-Hexane ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗GESTIS ↗
Toluene	− Poor	23.5	✓ Tak	B (NP) (NP)	NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)	GESTIS DGUV ↗NIST ↗IARC 71 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗

Sources: PubChem (NIH) · Hansen Solubility Database

📚 Scientific references for solvents (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water

Ethanol (EtOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol

Methanol (MeOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol

Acetone

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone

Acetonitrile (ACN)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile

DMSO

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO

THF

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran

DCM (CH₂Cl₂)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane

Chloroform (CHCl₃)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform

n-Hexane

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane

Toluene

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene

Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):

Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 110-15-6 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)

The closer to the molecule (red sphere), the better the solvent. · Advanced: labels + grid + axes + pulsation.

Your molecule

Dobra (Ra < R₀)

Graniczna (Ra < 1,5×R₀)

Poor (Ra ≥ 1.5×R₀)

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..

📚 Data sources HSP + Ra

Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405 [DOI ↗]
(2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110 [DOI ↗]
Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004 [DOI ↗]
Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6 [DOI ↗]
Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y [DOI ↗]
Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103623 [DOI ↗]
Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017 [DOI ↗]
Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr4458 [DOI ↗]
Hansen Solubility Database — hansen-solubility.com
PubChem — pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Method: Group Contribution (GC) — rapid δD/δP/δH estimation from logP when experimental data are unavailable. Accuracy ±2 MPa^½. For higher precision → HSPiP software.

Hansen Solubility Parameters:

δD: 19 MPa^0.5

δP: 11 MPa^0.5

δH: 23.4 MPa^0.5

⚗️ Check reaction compatibility MolGod_RXNCOMP_1

Health: 0/4

Flammability: 0/4

Reactivity: 0/4

Per NFPA 704 / calculated from H-codes

Check whether Succinic Acid is compatible with another reagent

📦 Storage compatibility matrix

	Acids	Bases	Oxidizers	Flammable	Toxic	Gazy
Acids	✓	✗	✗	✗	⚠	✗
Bases	✗	✓	⚠	⚠	⚠	⚠
Oxidizers	✗	⚠	✓	✗	⚠	✗
Flammable	✗	⚠	✗	✓	⚠	✗
Toxic	⚠	⚠	⚠	⚠	✓	⚠
Gazy	✗	⚠	✗	✗	⚠	✓

✓ Can be stored together · ⚠ Caution · ✗ Do NOT store together · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Compatibility data from: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laboratory calculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1

ppm → mg/L

Temperature C↔F↔K

Verified formulas: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopic Databases MolGod_SPECDB_3

¹H NMR NMRShiftDB ↗ IR NIST WebBook ↗ MS MoNA ↗ UV-Vis SDBS Japan ↗ MS (NIST) NIST MS ↗ NMR (SDBS) SDBS NMR ↗ JP Monograph Farmacopea JP ↗ WHO INN WHO Model ↗ DOAJ Open Access ↗

📋 Laboratory protocol generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Target concentration

Volume (mL)

Initials

Protocol generated based on: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Label generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1

Concentration

Preparation Date

Initials

Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)

Drug-likeness radar chart (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Green zone = compliance with criteria.

Predictive data — properties calculated in silico (SMILES/RDKit). These do not replace clinical studies. Do not use for drug evaluation without experimental verification.

✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose (MW=118, LogP=-0.6)✗ REOS (MW=118)✗ Lead-like Ro3 (HBA=4)

Property	Value	Rating
Absorption (GI)	high	✓
BBB permeability	yes (crosses)
Bioavailability (Daina 2017)	55%
CYP450 profile	CYP1A2 non-inhibitorCYP2C9 non-inhibitorCYP2C19 non-inhibitorCYP2D6 non-inhibitorCYP3A4 non-inhibitor
PAINS alerts	0	✓
Brenk alerts	0	✓
pKa (pH 7.4)	4.5 (predicted)
⚠ Toxicology (pkCSM): invalid pkCSM response
hERG (cardiotox.)	—
P-gp substrate	—
Ames mutagenicity	—
DILI (hepatotox.)	—
LogS (aq. solub.)	—

Sources (ADMET methodology)

Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405
(2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110
Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004
Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6
Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y
Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103623
Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017
Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr4458
Nengroo MA, Klein AT, Carr HS et al.. (2025). "Accumulation of succinate suppresses de novo purine synthesis through succinylation-mediated control of the mitochondrial folate cycle.". Molecular cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.002
Huang H, Li G, He Y et al.. (2024). "Cellular succinate metabolism and signaling in inflammation: implications for therapeutic intervention.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404441
Zhao X, Yang X, Du C et al.. (2024). "Up-regulated succinylation modifications induce a senescence phenotype in microglia by altering mitochondrial energy metabolism.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03284-4
Rawal S, Randhawa V, Rizvi SHM et al.. (2024). "miR-369-3p ameliorates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage succinate-GPR91 signalling.". Cardiovascular research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvae102
Han G, Cui M, Lu P et al.. (2024). "Selective translation of nuclear mitochondrial respiratory proteins reprograms succinate metabolism in AML development and chemoresistance.". Cell stem cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2024.09.008
Glenn Wagner, Chunyu Guo, Philip J. W. Moll et al.. (2023). "Phenomenology of bond and flux orders in kagome metals". arXiv (2307.02528v2). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.108.125136
Ben-Arosh H, Avraham R. (2023). "Tissue-specific macrophage immunometabolism.". Current opinion in immunology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2023.102369
Shen T, Lin R, Hu C et al.. (2023). "Succinate-induced macrophage polarization and RBP4 secretion promote vascular sprouting in ocular neovascularization.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02998-1
Qinqin Wang, Jian Tang, Xiaomei Li et al.. (2022). "Layer-by-Layer Epitaxy of Multilayer MoS2 Wafers". arXiv (2203.09720v1). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac077
M. Bozkurt, M. R. Mahani, P. Studer et al.. (2013). "Magnetic Anisotropy of Single Mn Acceptors in GaAs in an External Magnetic Field". arXiv (1304.3303v2). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.88.205203
(2011). "Clúdach: Cover". New Hibernia Review. https://doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2011.0038
W. C. McCrone, Ralph. Hites. 1954. "Crystallographic Data. 78. Succinic Acid I (Butanedioic Acid)." Analytical Chemistry. DOI: 10.1021/ac60086a050. [DOI ↗]
Worberg, Andreas. 2025. "Succinic Acid and Succinic Anhydride." Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.1921030306211301.a01.pub3. [DOI ↗]
2011. "Succinic acid." Drugs Handbook 2012–2013. DOI: 10.5040/9781350363595.art-1639. [DOI ↗]
Masse, C. E. 2007. "Succinic Acid by Hydrolysis of Succinic Anhydride." Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Acid Halides; Carboxylic Acids and Acid Salts. DOI: 10.1055/sos-sd-020-00297. [DOI ↗]
"Succinic Acid." DOI: 10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01. [DOI ↗]
"Succinic Acid." DOI: 10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01. [DOI ↗]
"Succinic Acid." DOI: 10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01. [DOI ↗]
"Succinic Acid." DOI: 10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01. [DOI ↗]
"Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth." DOI: 10.1021/jp072606g.s001. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01. [DOI ↗]
Anonymous. "Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp072606g.s001. [DOI ↗]
Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
2013. "Copper = Leslie M. Klevay." https://doi.org/10.1201/B13959-20. [DOI ↗]
2013. "Dong Quai." https://doi.org/10.1201/B14669-29. [DOI ↗]
PubMed PMID nchembio.2007.47-comp2. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID nchembio856-comp9. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID nchembio.186-comp50. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID nchembio.198-comp17. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID nchembio.266-comp26. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID NATSYNTH-23070705-comp2. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
PubMed PMID PubChem. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
2025. "Electro-Stimulated Dual-Species Catalysis Enables CO2 Fixation Toward Selective 1,4-Butanedioic Acid Biosynthesis." DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202501802. [DOI ↗]
S.K.Amjath Kudos, S. Madhan Kumar, Binisha B et al. 2024. "Exploring Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Molecule Carbamide Butanedioic Acid – a Dft Approach." DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4726689. [DOI ↗]
Yong-Soon Kim Yong-Soon Kim, Dae-Sik Rha Dae-Sik Rha. 2024. "Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Butanedioic Acid: A Study in Rats." The Korean Society for Veterinary Nursing. DOI: 10.56878/jvn.2024.3.2.69. [DOI ↗]
Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
et al. 2015. "Study of urinary 2-{[2-(acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}butanedioic acid, a mercapturic acid of rats treated with maleic acid." DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.011. [DOI ↗]
Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
2020. "Neprilysin inhibitors." [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit]
Jung, Yonghwan, Song, Jin Sook, Ahn, Sunjoo. 2022. "Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of 13C-Labeled Succinic Acid in Mice." Nutrients 14 (22): 4757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224757. [DOI ↗]
Ramakrishna, A., Rao, G. Nageswara. 2007. "Effect of urea on speciation of cobalt(II) complexes of L-glutamine and succinic acid." Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 19 (3): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422907x236263. [DOI ↗]
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency. ↗
Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179. ↗

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📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 110-15-6MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN

⭐ Key findings (scientific literature) 17 publications

🏆 CAS 110-15-6 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.

#1

Electro-Stimulated Dual-Species Catalysis Enables CO2 Fixation Toward Selective 1,4-Butanedioic Acid Biosynthesis.

Triya Mukherjee; Venkata Mohan S. (2025) · ChemSusChem

Why it matters: Recent (2025)

SCORE 8.9 Mechanism Citations: 1 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
#2

Efficient structure elucidation and investigation on the antibacterial activity of Carbamide-Butanedioic Acid: DFT perspectives.

et al. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling

Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access

SCORE 7.85 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
#3

Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, 2,3-bis[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido] butanedioic acid (BF142), improves baseline insulin secretion of MIN6 insulinoma cells.

et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE

Why it matters: Open access

SCORE 7.58 Industrial Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
#4

Exploring Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Molecule Carbamide Butanedioic Acid – a Dft Approach

S.K.Amjath Kudos, S. Madhan Kumar, Binisha B et al. (2024)

Why it matters: Recent (2024) · open access

SCORE 7.05 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗
#5

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of (13)C-Labeled Succinic Acid in Mice.

Jung Y; Song JS; Ahn S (2022) · Nutrients

Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)

SCORE 5.2 Pharmacology MUST-CITE DOI ↗
#6

Curcumenol regulates Histone H3K27me3 demethylases KDM6B affecting Succinic acid metabolism to alleviate cartilage degeneration in knee osteoarthritis.

Chen W, Xiao J, Zhou Y et al. (2024) · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Why it matters: Recent (2024)

SCORE 4.8 Pharmacology DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
#7

Utilization of acid whey and oat pomace in succinic acid fermentation.

Kleps C; Malchow R; Ettinger J et al. (2025) · New biotechnology

Why it matters: Must-cite (canon) · recent (2025)

SCORE 4 Industrial MUST-CITE DOI ↗
#8

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Butanedioic Acid: A Study in Rats

Yong-Soon Kim Yong-Soon Kim, Dae-Sik Rha Dae-Sik Rha (2024) · The Korean Society for Veterinary Nursing

Why it matters: Recent (2024)

SCORE 4 Pharmacology DOI ↗
#9

Succinic Acid Ameliorates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis by Altering the Inflammatory Microenvironment and Expression of BCL-2 Family Proteins.

Cai Y, Chen Z, Chen E et al. (2024) · Inflammation

Why it matters: Recent (2024)

SCORE 4 Mechanism DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
#10

Crystallographic Data. 78. Succinic Acid I (Butanedioic Acid)

W. C. McCrone, Ralph. Hites (1954) · Analytical Chemistry

Why it matters: Historical paper (1954)

SCORE 3.92 Historical Citations: 10 DOI ↗
#11

Efficient production of succinic acid from herbal extraction residue hydrolysate.

Wang C; Su X; Sun W et al. (2018) · Bioresource technology

Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)

SCORE 2.4 Industrial MUST-CITE DOI ↗
#12

Succinic acid production by immobilized cultures using spent sulphite liquor as fermentation medium.

Alexandri M; Papapostolou H; Stragier L et al. (2017) · Bioresource technology

Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)

SCORE 2.1 Industrial MUST-CITE DOI ↗
#13

Succinic Acid

(2017) · ACS Reagent Chemicals

Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).

SCORE 2.1 Mechanism DOI ↗
#14

Succinic Acid

(2017) · ACS Reagent Chemicals

Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).

SCORE 2.1 Mechanism DOI ↗
#15

Succinic Acid

(2017) · ACS Reagent Chemicals

Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).

SCORE 2.1 Mechanism DOI ↗
#16

Succinic Acid

(2017) · ACS Reagent Chemicals

Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).

SCORE 2.1 Mechanism DOI ↗
#17

Method for producing butanol and butanedioic acid by fermentation

et al. (2008)

Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).

SCORE 0 Mechanism

Tag	TF	DF	IDF	Score
butanedioic	6	6	1.693	10.159
synthesis characterization	2	2	2.54	7.113
resistance	2	2	2.54	5.081
carbamide	2	2	2.54	5.081
production	2	2	2.54	5.081

🔬 HPLC — methods & parameters — CAS 110-15-6MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN

📈 HPLC gradient — optimizer (LSS) TEMPLATE

Gradient based on PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, ch. 9).

Column: C18
Buffer: phosphate
Flow: 1 mL/min
logP: -0.6 (PubChem XLogP3)
Ramp: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
Total analysis time: 23 min

t (min)	%A	%B	flow (mL/min)	Comment
0	95	5	1	start (equilibrium)
2	95	5	1	end of initial hold
12	5	95	1	end of LSS ramp
17	5	95	1	column wash
18	95	5	1	return to init
23	95	5	1	re-equilibration

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/110-15-6

📐 Column dimensions — van Deemter calculator N=12,466

Formula: H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).

Dimensions	150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Theoretical plates (N)	12,466
N at u_opt	12,500
HETP (current)	12.032 µm
Min. HETP	12 µm
Linear velocity (u)	0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)	0.12 cm/s
Back pressure (ΔP)	42.1 bar
Analysis time (dead volume)	2.49 min

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/column/110-15-6

🧪 Mobile phase — compatibility matrix MISCIBLE

Component	Name	UV cutoff (nm)	P'	Detectors
Solv.	Acetonitrile (MeCN)	190	5.8	UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Solv.	Water	190	10.2	UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Buffer	Phosphate (KH2PO4 / K2HPO4)	195	pH 2.0-3.0 / 6.5-8.0 / 11.0-12.5	MS ✗

Detector: UV — compatible with both solvents.

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)

Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/mobile-phase?solvent_a=...&solvent_b=...

Complete HPLC Method Guide Peer-Reviewed

Molecule-specific scenarios, troubleshooting, and literature references

Molecular Predictor

The predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 110-15-6) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time

-0.3 min

Range: 0.5 – -0.39

confidence: medium

Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min

UV λ_max

210 nm

confidence: medium

No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne

Concentration

0.5 mg/mL

= 4.234 mM

confidence: high

Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)

Buffer pH

Range: 1.5 – 2.5

confidence: medium

Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)

Injection Volume

20 μL

confidence: medium

Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

1. Mobile Phase Selection Solvents, grades, shopping list

Real Chemist Problem

Dissolving the sample — in what?

Standard in an ampoule. Dissolve it in water? ACN? Methanol? The protocol does not say. The wrong solvent → smeared peaks.

How We Solve This

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

Consumption Calculator

Number of Samples:

Flow Rate (mL/min):

Runtime (min):

Solvent	Per Sample	Total Needed	Buy (bottles)	Cost
TOTAL COST:	0 PLN

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Interactive Calculator

Number of Samples:

Flow Rate (mL/min):

Runtime (min):

Solvent	Per Sample	Total Needed	Buy (bottles)	Cost
TOTAL COST:	0 PLN

Deep Education

Understanding Mobile Phase Chemistry

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?

Property	Acetonitrile (ACN)	Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)	0.37 cP	0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure	~150 bar	~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff	190 nm	205 nm
Elution Strength	Stronger	Weaker
Price (typical)	115 PLN/L	70 PLN/L (-39%)

Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?

Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

Samples per quarter

Chemist hourly rate (PLN)

Column price (PLN)

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—

	Nasza (ACN)	Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L	115 PLN	70 PLN
Runtime/sample	23 min	32 min (+40%)
Back pressure	150 bar	210 bar
Solwent/sample	~130 mL	~180 mL
Koszt/sample	~5 PLN	~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample	23 min	32 min
Czas pracy chemika	—	—
Total/quarter	—	—

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—

	Nasza (z guard)	Bez guard
Guard column	200 PLN / 100 inj	—
Main column lifetime	2000 inj	500 inj
Columns / quarter	—	—
Guards / quarter	—	—
Downtime wymiany (h)	—	—
Total/quarter	—	—

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—

	Nasza (SOP template)	Custom dev
Initial setup	1 h (use template)	40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)	8 h	24 h
Dokumentacja	2 h (edit template)	16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1	~2%	~15%
Total (jednorazowo)	—	—

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—

	Fast (5 min)	Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample	5 min	23 min
Samples/8h shift	—	—
Shifts potrzebnych	—	—
Koszt pracy	—	—
Savings	—	—

Total annual savings: —

Frequently Asked Questions

How much buffer to add to 1 L of water for 10 mM NH₄HCO₃? +

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

Can I use distilled water instead of HPLC grade? +

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

ACN vs MeOH — which to choose? +

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Dla butanedioic acid (logP=) — ACN czy MeOH? +

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=118.09, CAS 110-15-6) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

2. Gradient Optimization Timeline, slope, retention control

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Transfer metody z HPLC na UHPLC

Your HPLC 4.6×250mm 5μm method works. You have to make a UHPLC version 2.1×50mm 1.7μm. How to scale it (Neue/Jorgenson)?

Our Gradient Strategy

Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#	Time	%B start	%B end	Duration	Slope (Δ%B/min)	Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Flow rate (mL/min)

Gradient time (min)

%B start

%B end

—

Slope (Δ%B/min)

—

Gradient volume (mL)

—

Dwell vol estimate (mL)

—

k*·t₀ (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t₀ ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log k_w − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t₀. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t₀ ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to set the starting %B in the gradient? +

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Dlaczego linear gradient a nie step? +

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Jakie Rt przewidywane dla butanedioic acid na kolumnie C18 150mm? +

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla butanedioic acid (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

3. Column Selection C18, particle size, dimensions

Column Choice Dilemma

How to prepare the mobile phase for the first time

Protokół mówi "ACN/H₂O 60:40". W szafce masz ACN HPLC grade i wodę z kranu. Nikt ci nie powiedział, że kran = dramat. Koszt błędu: zniszczona kolumna 1800 PLN.

Recommended Columns

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Frequently Asked Questions

Co to guard column i czy warto? +

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

C18 vs C8 — which one when? +

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Dla MW=118.09 — jaka porozumienie kolumny (pore size)? +

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=118.09 (CAS 110-15-6) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

4. Detection Settings UV wavelength, bandwidth, response

Detection Gotcha

Dissolving the sample — in what?

Standard in an ampoule. Dissolve it in water? ACN? Methanol? The protocol does not say. The wrong solvent → smeared peaks.

DAD Settings

Parameter	Value	Why
Wavelength	210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)	Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth	4 nm	Balance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time	0.5 s	Zgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ	360 nm, bw 100 nm	Kompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

5. Method Validation SST, precision, accuracy, robustness

Validation Reality Check

Koszt solwentu per batch — optymalizacja

Release testing 50 batches/month × 23 min × 1 mL/min = 29 L ACN/m. Price 115 PLN/L = 3300 PLN/m. How to cut it by 30% without compromise?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

Parameter	Acceptance	Formula
Resolution (Rs)	≥ 2.0	2(t_R2 − t_R1) / (w₁ + w₂)
Tailing factor (Tf)	≤ 1.5	W_0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)	≥ 5000	16·(t_R / w)²
RSD (6 injections)	≤ 2.0%	σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)	≥ 0.9990	80–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

Inject the standard 6× in a row
Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
ALL pass → proceed with samples
ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

Resolution (R_s) &geq; 2.0
Tailing factor (T_f) &leq; 2.0
Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

Harmonizowane z USP
System suitability identical do USP
Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

§211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
§211.160 — laboratory controls
§211.165 — testing and release
§211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr	Nasza metoda ★	USP <621>	Literatura	Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna	Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm	L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm)	n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS)	Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size	3.5 μm	5 μm (USP default)	—	5 μm
Faza A	10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0	Phosphate buffer pH 2.5	—	0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B	Acetonitryl HPLC grade	Acetonitryl / Methanol	—	Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient	5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear)	Isocratic (preferowane w USP)	—	10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow	1.0 mL/min	1.5 mL/min	—	1.0 mL/min
Temperatura	30°C	25°C	—	40°C
Detekcja	UV 210 nm + 254 nm	UV 254 nm (standard USP)	—	DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime	23 min	30 min	—	25 min
Rs (typ.)	2.3	≥ 2.0	—	2.1
Walidacja	USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1)	USP <621> obligatoryjnie	—	Application note only
Solvent cost/run	~5 PLN/run	~7 PLN/run	—	~6 PLN/run

Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate

Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate

UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate

Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate

Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate

Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate

Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate

Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate

Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate

Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Frequently Asked Questions

Spec limits for butanedioic acid — how to set them? +

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla butanedioic acid (CAS 110-15-6) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

What if Rs=1.9 (fail)? +

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Co to system suitability test (SST)? +

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

6. Sample Preparation Dilution, filtration, storage

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

Sample Prep Protocol

Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

7. Downloads & Resources PDF method, SOP template, validation protocols

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Forensic Fix — real failure stories Lessons learned

Real chemists' mishaps — what happened, what helped, what to avoid.

10 columns in 2 months — wrong filter

Marta K., QC supervisor, pharma company 2025-02-10 Poziom 4/5

What happened:

Q1 audit: column cost +340% vs Q4. QA blamed the lab. Investigation: a new operator was using a 0.45 μm filter instead of 0.22 μm. Microparticles got through the guard and were killing the main columns by the 100th injection.

💡 Lekcja:

The filter SOP must be WRITTEN and checked every batch. 0.22 μm is the standard per USP . Cost of the error: 10 columns × 1800 PLN = 18,000 PLN + audit finding.

Method transfer from Warsaw to Krakow failed

R&D team, 2 sites 2025-09-18 Poziom 5/5

What happened:

At first we ran it in the Warsaw lab. Transfer to Kraków: every Rt shifted +0.8 min, Rs borderline at 1.9-2.1. Investigation: buffers from different manufacturers (Merck vs Sigma-Aldrich) differed by 0.2 in pH. 6 weeks of transfer revalidation.

💡 Lekcja:

Transfer requires a SPEC for the buffer (manufacturer, grade, LOT). Not just „NH4HCO3 10 mM pH 7.0". Run a preliminary system suitability on the new instrument before the full transfer.

Ask about this method

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1

⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 110-15-6). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.

Propyl Acetate

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Ethyl acetate

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Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA)

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L-Lysine HCl – High

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2-Ethylhexanoic Acid

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📄 Certificates of Analysis (CoA) CAS 110-15-6 none MolGod_COA_2

No certificates for this product in the database.

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients

🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

Bulk orders? Contact us.

📜 Patents (public metadata) no data MolGod_PATENT_2

No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01.
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01.
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01.
Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01.
Anonymous. "Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp072606g.s001.
Xie L, Chen H, Zhang L et al.. (2026). "Suppressing MASH fibrotic progression by blocking succinate-GPR91 signaling in HSCs.". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001405
(2026). "Cartoon / Vorschau". Leidfaden. https://doi.org/10.13109/leid.2026.15.3.110
Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. (2025). "Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation.". Cell metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004
Liang L, Kuang X, He Y et al.. (2025). "Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma.". Nature genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02077-6
Wang H, Hu D, Cheng Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch.". Nature immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02166-y
Wang C, Yu X, Yu X et al.. (2025). "Gut flora-derived succinate exacerbates Allergic Airway Inflammation by promoting protein succinylation.". Redox biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103623
Ma K, Cheng H, Wang L et al.. (2025). "Succinate preserves CD8(+) T cell fitness to augment antitumor immunity.". Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.017
Lu S, Li J, Li Y et al.. (2025). "Succinate-loaded tumor cell-derived microparticles reprogram tumor-associated macrophage metabolism.". Science translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr4458
Nengroo MA, Klein AT, Carr HS et al.. (2025). "Accumulation of succinate suppresses de novo purine synthesis through succinylation-mediated control of the mitochondrial folate cycle.". Molecular cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.002
Huang H, Li G, He Y et al.. (2024). "Cellular succinate metabolism and signaling in inflammation: implications for therapeutic intervention.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404441
Zhao X, Yang X, Du C et al.. (2024). "Up-regulated succinylation modifications induce a senescence phenotype in microglia by altering mitochondrial energy metabolism.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03284-4
Rawal S, Randhawa V, Rizvi SHM et al.. (2024). "miR-369-3p ameliorates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage succinate-GPR91 signalling.". Cardiovascular research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvae102
Han G, Cui M, Lu P et al.. (2024). "Selective translation of nuclear mitochondrial respiratory proteins reprograms succinate metabolism in AML development and chemoresistance.". Cell stem cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2024.09.008
Ben-Arosh H, Avraham R. (2023). "Tissue-specific macrophage immunometabolism.". Current opinion in immunology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2023.102369
Shen T, Lin R, Hu C et al.. (2023). "Succinate-induced macrophage polarization and RBP4 secretion promote vascular sprouting in ocular neovascularization.". Journal of neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02998-1
(2011). "Clúdach: Cover". New Hibernia Review. https://doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2011.0038
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/110-15-6?status=active&limit=10

Extended Bibliography (5)

★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_r2516_01_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_04_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100606_03_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Succinic Acid.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m727_05_01. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Adsorption of Pyruvic and Succinic Acid by Amine-Functionalized SBA-15 for the Purification of Succinic Acid from Fermentation Broth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp072606g.s001. link [accessed: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)

Data from PubChemSource: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL

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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 120 items

All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 110-15-6. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Scientific databases

NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 110-15-6. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=110-15-6.
AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 110-15-6. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 110-15-6. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=110-15-6.

📐 Standards / Guidelines

ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Books

Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)

Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2-R2_Document_Step4_Guideline_2023_1101.pdf.
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
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Succinic Acid

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