Manufacturer since 2009 · Tongling, Anhui ISO certified Licensed for hazardous & precursor chemicals
[email protected] · +86 186 5620 1888
Eapearl Chemical
Sodium persulfate, CAS 7775-27-1 — chemical product label

Sodium persulfate

SPS

CAS 7775-27-1 EC 231-892-1 Na2O8S2 Powder SDS published CLP Danger

⚠️ Note: This safety data sheet is provided in English; a localized version is being prepared.

MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v2 · 08.09.2026

Specification

Product NameSodium persulfate
Other NamesSPS
CAS No.7775-27-1
EINECS No.231-892-1
MFNa2O8S2
Molecular weight238.1
Purity99.2%
AppearanceWhite crystals or powder
Density2,4 g/cm3
Melting pointwithout
solubleness100 °C
water solubility550 g/L (20 ºC)

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS03 — Oxidising GHS pictogram GHS07 — Irritant / harmful GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Danger

Classification source — PubChem C&L (consensus filter, not harmonised)

No harmonised entry exists for this substance; the classification shown is the supplier consensus reported to ECHA and should be confirmed for your intended use.

  • H272 May intensify fire; oxidiser
  • H302 Harmful if swallowed
  • H315 Causes skin irritation
  • H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction
  • H319 Causes serious eye irritation
  • H334 May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
  • H335 May cause respiratory irritation
  • H371 May cause damage to organs
  • H316 Causes mild skin irritation
  • H320 Causes eye irritation
Precautionary statements (2)
  • P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking
  • P233 Keep container tightly closed
Full safety data sheet CLP label (EN)

Substance identity verified against the registry entry on 2026-09-02.

Packaging and shipping

Dag25kg
IBC Dag25kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Sodium persulfate
Sodium persulfate
Sodium persulfate

Sodium per sulfate is a powerful and stable inorganic peroxide with the chemical formula Na₂S₂O₈. It is renowned for its extremely strong oxidation potential, excellent water solubility, the ability to generate sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻·) through thermal decomposition, and relatively good storage stability. These characteristics make it an indispensable and highly efficient chemical tool in modern industries such as polymer reaction initiation, electronic circuit etching, advanced oxidation treatment, and special bleaching and disinfection. We are committed to providing stable and reliable oxidation power and initiation sources for our customers’ critical processes under strict safety and compliance management.

Sodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaningSodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaningSodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaning

Sodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaning

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.As a professional supplier of specialty chemicals and high-performance oxidants, relying on a rigorous quality control system and stable supply channels, we provide customers with high-purity and multi-specification persulfate sodium products and professional application solutions. Persulfate sodium is a powerful and stable inorganic peroxide with the chemical formula Na₂S₂O₈. It is characterized by its extremely strong oxidation potential, excellent water solubility, the ability to generate sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻·) through thermal decomposition, and relatively good storage stability. As a result, it has become an indispensable efficient chemical tool in modern industries such as polymer reaction initiation, electronic circuit etching, advanced oxidation treatment, and special bleaching and disinfection. We are committed to providing stable and reliable oxidation power and initiation sources for customers’ critical processes under strict safety and compliance management.

The core value of sodium per sulfate lies in its dual roles as a “free radical generator” and a “strong oxidant”. It can be activated under mild conditions, thereby initiating chain reactions or achieving deep oxidation:

High oxidation potential: The standard redox potential is as high as 2.01V, making it more powerful than common oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate.

Free radical initiation mechanism: Through activation by heat, light, transition metal ions, etc., it generates highly reactive sulfate radical (SO₄⁻·), suitable for polymerization and advanced oxidation processes requiring free radical reactions.

Good water solubility and storage stability: Compared to other peroxides, it has better storage stability in a dry state, facilitating transportation and operation, and has good water solubility, making it easy to prepare working solutions. Reaction selectivity: In certain systems, the free radical reaction pathways exhibit unique chemical selectivity.

Sodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaning

Sodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaning

Delivery&Payment method

Sodium per sulfate, raw material manufacturer, | Provides applications such as polymerization initiation, PCB etching, wastewater treatment, hair bleaching, disinfection and cleaning

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Sodium persulfate shipped?

Standard formats are Dag (25kg), IBC Dag (25kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Sodium persulfate?

Yes. A full safety data sheet for CAS 7775-27-1 is published and linked from this page; a signed copy is issued with the shipping documents.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.2%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

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🧬 Visualiseur de molécule 3D
Chargement de la molécule...
Modèle 3D Sodium Persulfate, CAS 7775-27-1, formule brute Na₂O₈S₂, masse molaire 238.11 g/mol

Données transcrites à partir de registres réglementaires et de la littérature spécialisée, avec indication de la source et de l'édition. Elles ne remplacent pas la fiche de données de sécurité du fournisseur. Les champs sans source enregistrée sont signalés comme tels.

📊 Données physicochimiques — CAS 7775-27-1MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Propriétés physicochimiques

Aperçu rapide

Formule : Na₂O₈S₂
MW : 238.11 g/mol
CAS : 7775-27-1
🔬 Propriétés avancées

Identifiants chimiques

SMILES: [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]

Dernière mise à jour : non confirmée

Aperçu chimique: Sodium PersulfateMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formule bruteNa₂O₈S₂[1]
Masse moléculaire238.11 g/mol[1]
Densité1.1 g/cm³[1]
Nom IUPACdisodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate[1]
SMILES[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+][1]
InChIKeyCHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L[1]

Synonymes: Sodium persulfate · 7775-27-1 · Sodium peroxydisulfate · Sodium peroxodisulfate · Peroxydisulfuric acid, disodium salt

Sources de données : PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Dernière mise à jour : 2026-09-21

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Formule brute · Masse moléculaire · Densité · Nom IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

[1]PubMed2024
Acesulfame degradation by thermally activated persulfate: Kinetics, transformation products and estimated toxicity.
Lalas K, Arvaniti OS, Panagopoulou EI et al.. (2024). "Acesulfame degradation by thermally activated persulfate: Kinetics, transformation products and estimated toxicity.". Chemosphere. https://doi.or
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[2]PubMed2024
Structure-dependent degradation of phthalate esters with persulfate oxidation activated by thermal in soil.
Liu F, Hu N, Wang A et al.. (2024). "Structure-dependent degradation of phthalate esters with persulfate oxidation activated by thermal in soil.". Environmental research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.env
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[3]PubMed2023
Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.
Xie T, Dang Z, Zhang Q et al.. (2023). "Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.". Environmental resear
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[4]PubMed2023
Modeling of NO mass transfer characteristics absorbed in sodium persulfate solution with a bubble reactor.
Liu J, Li C, Zhang X et al.. (2023). "Modeling of NO mass transfer characteristics absorbed in sodium persulfate solution with a bubble reactor.". Journal of environmental science and health. Part A,
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[5]PubMed2023
Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment.
Luo M, Yang H, Wang K et al.. (2023). "Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.101
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[6]PubMed2022
Rhamnolipid-Enhanced ZVI-Activated Sodium Persulfate Remediation of Pyrene-Contaminated Soil.
Wang W, Wang X, Zhang H et al.. (2022). "Rhamnolipid-Enhanced ZVI-Activated Sodium Persulfate Remediation of Pyrene-Contaminated Soil.". International journal of environmental research and public heal
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[7]PubMed2016
Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods.
Fan G, Cang L, Gomes HI et al.. (2016). "Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemos
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[8]PubMed2013
Carbon isotope fractionation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane during base-catalyzed persulfate treatment.
Marchesi M, Thomson NR, Aravena R et al.. (2013). "Carbon isotope fractionation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane during base-catalyzed persulfate treatment.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/1
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) 11 refs · 1 baz

MOLECULE Bibliographie par CAS (en direct depuis 13+ bases de données)

Sources : db:pubmed (11)

  1. db:pubmed Lalas K, Arvaniti OS, Panagopoulou EI et al.. (2024). "Acesulfame degradation by thermally activated persulfate: Kinetics, transformation products and estimated toxicity.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141260 →
  2. db:pubmed Liu F, Hu N, Wang A et al.. (2024). "Structure-dependent degradation of phthalate esters with persulfate oxidation activated by thermal in soil.". Environmental research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119167 →
  3. db:pubmed Xie T, Dang Z, Zhang Q et al.. (2023). "Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.". Environmental research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114694 →
  4. db:pubmed Liu J, Li C, Zhang X et al.. (2023). "Modeling of NO mass transfer characteristics absorbed in sodium persulfate solution with a bubble reactor.". Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2023.2206354 →
  5. db:pubmed Luo M, Yang H, Wang K et al.. (2023). "Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137415 →
  6. db:pubmed Wang W, Wang X, Zhang H et al.. (2022). "Rhamnolipid-Enhanced ZVI-Activated Sodium Persulfate Remediation of Pyrene-Contaminated Soil.". International journal of environmental research and public health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811518 →
  7. db:pubmed Fan G, Cang L, Gomes HI et al.. (2016). "Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.074 →
  8. db:pubmed Marchesi M, Thomson NR, Aravena R et al.. (2013). "Carbon isotope fractionation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane during base-catalyzed persulfate treatment.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.011 →
  9. db:pubmed Li B, Li L, Lin K et al.. (2013). "Removal of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from aqueous solution by a sono-activated persulfate process.". Ultrasonics sonochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.11.014 →
  10. db:pubmed Diaz Kirmser EM, Mártire DO, Gonzalez MC et al.. (2010). "Degradation of the herbicides clomazone, paraquat, and glyphosate by thermally activated peroxydisulfate.". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf103054h →
  11. db:pubmed Pang S, Fiume MZ. (2001). "Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate.". International journal of toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810152630710 →
Statut réglementaire de la substance
Cette substance est soumise à des exigences réglementaires : gestion des déchets dangereux (BDO). Détails dans la section « Statut réglementaire (REACH/ECHA/CLP) » et sur la FDS. Information réglementaire — ne restreint pas l'achat dans la boutique.
🧮 Calculateur stœchiométriqueMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Données chimiquesMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numéro CAS
7775-27-1
Formule brute
Na₂O₈S₂
Masse molaire
238.11 g/mol
Nom IUPAC (EN)
disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate
SMILES
[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
InChIKey
CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L
📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Density
1.75

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identifiants externesMolGod_EXTID_1
9 sur 16 systèmes d'ID56%
Base de donnéesIdentifiantActions
CAS Registry Number7775-27-1Ouvrir →
PubChem CID62655[1]Ouvrir →
InChIKeyCHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L[1]Ouvrir →
SMILES[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+][1]
EC Number231-892-1[2]Ouvrir →
ChEMBLCHEMBL502764[3]Ouvrir →
ChemSpider56406[4]Ouvrir →
UNII (FDA)J49FYF16JEOuvrir →
WikiData QIDQ419438Ouvrir →

Sources : PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 7775-27-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Bases de données de spectres spectroscopiques — données inline 8 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Les spectres sont récupérés à la demande depuis 9 sources. Chaque spectre est enregistré dans notre base — la prochaine ouverture = zéro requête vers l'API externe. Téléchargez JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG pour chaque spectre sans avoir à chercher.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Cliquez pour charger le spectre
🔗 Source
— points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Les données sont récupérées une seule fois (analyseur JCAMP-DX) et enregistrées dans la base locale de l'extension. Aucun téléchargement en double, aucune requête NIST lors des ouvertures suivantes. Licences respectées (seuls un lien profond et notre propre visualisation sont publiés).

🔬 Spectres interactifs (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Données récupérées en direct depuis plusieurs sources (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibles au téléchargement sous chaque spectre.

IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier

Chargement de IR — infrarouge à transformée de Fourier…

MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)

Chargement de MS — spectrométrie de masse (EI 70eV)…

Propriétés structurellesMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Chargement des données structurelles...

❓ Questions fréquentes (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 7775-27-1?
7775-27-1 (CAS 7775-27-1) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile ?
What is the CAS number of 7775-27-1?
The CAS number for 7775-27-1 is 7775-27-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile ?
How should 7775-27-1 be stored?
7775-27-1 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Utile ?
➕ Proposer une question
Télécharger les fichiers de structureMolGod_STRDL_1

Fichiers de structure moléculaire issus de la base PubChem (NIH). Compatibles avec les logiciels : Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Source : PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 62655

🔄 Convertisseur d'unités de concentration LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Saisissez la concentration Sodium Persulfate dans n'importe quelle unité — le reste sera calculé automatiquement.

MW : 238.11 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formules de conversion + citations (par formule)
ConversionFormulePrécisionSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 sources faisant autorité)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Structures moléculaires similairesMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Chargement des structures similaires...

🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Sélectionnez la concentration
② Volume cible
③ Solvant

Calculs selon : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chimie computationnelleMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Chargement des données de calcul...

🛡️ Sécurité — CAS 7775-27-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avis sur les limitations des données. Les informations de sécurité figurant sur cette page sont fournies à titre indicatif et ne remplacent pas une fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) complète. Avant d'utiliser le produit, consultez la fiche de données de sécurité actuelle du fabricant ainsi que les directives GHS/CLP. La classification CLP s'applique à la substance pure en vrac, et non aux préparations commerciales.

Classification GHS/CLP — Règlement (CE) n° 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Danger
GHS03 — Comburant
GHS03 Comburant
GHS07 — Irritant / nocif
GHS07 Irritant / nocif
GHS08 — Danger pour la santé
GHS08 Danger pour la santé

🚨 Mentions de danger (H)

  • H272 — Peut aggraver un incendie; comburant.
  • H302 — Nocif en cas d'ingestion.
  • H315 — Provoque une irritation cutanée.
  • H317 — Peut provoquer une allergie cutanée.
  • H319 — Provoque une sévère irritation des yeux.
  • H334 — Peut provoquer des symptômes allergiques ou d'asthme ou des difficultés respiratoires par inhalation.
  • H335 — Peut irriter les voies respiratoires.
  • H371 — Risque présumé d'effets graves pour les organes.
  • H316 — Provoque une légère irritation cutanée.
  • H320 — Provoque une irritation des yeux.

🛡 Conseils de prudence (P)

  • P210 — Tenir à l'écart de la chaleur, des surfaces chaudes, des étincelles, des flammes nues et de toute autre source d'inflammation. Ne pas fumer.
  • P233 — Maintenir le récipient fermé de manière étanche.

⚠ Classification basée sur un consensus de sources (PubChem / déclarations des fournisseurs) — non vérifiée par rapport à la classification harmonisée de l'annexe VI (CLP). L'étendue des dangers peut être plus large que la classification officielle ; avant utilisation, vérifier avec la fiche de données de sécurité actuelle du fournisseur.

Traductions : Règlement CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Annexe III et IV. Données : PubChem/NLM.

📚 Références scientifiques consolidées — Chicago auteur-date 10 sources

Références collectées dans tous les onglets du Safety Hub. CAS : 7775-27-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Réglementations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Les onglets possédant leurs propres références (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contiennent des entrées bibliographiques supplémentaires au sein de leurs sections respectives.

📈 Statistiques analytiques (test t · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Collez une série de mesures répétées (CSV ou un nombre par ligne). Le calculateur calculera la moyenne, l'écart-type, l'IC à 95 %, et détectera les valeurs aberrantes (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Séparateur : virgule, espace, tabulation, nouvelle ligne. Min. 3 mesures.
📐 Formules statistiques
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — moyenne arithmétique
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — variance de l'échantillon
  • s = √s² — écart-type
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — écart-type relatif
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test de Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source : ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calculateur de recettes de tampons UNIQUE
Références : Valeurs de pKa issues de Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Choisissez un tampon dans la liste de 20 systèmes courants → saisissez le pH cible → vous obtiendrez une recette exacte avec les masses à peser.

Étape 1 : Choisissez un système tampon

📜 Historique des recettes (10 dernières)
Statut pharmacologique

Prekliniczny

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approuvé

Préclinique — aucune donnée issue d'études sur l'homme.

ChEMBL CHEMBL502764 ↗

📅 Project Planner — Gestionnaire d'expériences de laboratoire NOUVEAU

Planifiez l'ensemble de votre projet de laboratoire : ajoutez des expériences avec réactifs, réplicats et durée. Vous obtiendrez un diagramme de Gantt, une liste d'achats (avec des liens vers la boutique !), un budget avec une marge de 10 % et une matrice de risques GHS.

🧪 Solubilité et compatibilité avec les solvants MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molécule
Sodium Persulfate
Formule
Na₂O₈S₂
logP (XLogP3)
—
Masse (g/mol)
238.11
Polarité
—

⚠️ Composé ionique / inorganique — les paramètres de Hansen (δD/δP/δH) ne s'appliquent pas : la dissolution est régie par l'énergie du réseau cristallin et la solvatation des ions, non par la cohésion moléculaire. Le bloc HSP et la sphère de Hansen sont omis. Les colonnes dépendantes des HSP (Compat./Ra/Visuel) sont marquées « n/d » — fondez le choix du solvant sur des données expérimentales.

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule)

Solvant Compat. Ra Visuel GC-MS HPLC Applications Références
Water (H₂O)n/d—sans objet✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)n/d—sans objet✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)n/d—sans objet✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetonen/d—sans objet✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)n/d—sans objet✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSOn/d—sans objet✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFn/d—sans objet✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)n/d—sans objet✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)n/d—sans objet✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanen/d—sans objet✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenen/d—sans objet✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Références scientifiques pour les solvants (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Théorie de la solubilité (appliquée à la prédiction de la compatibilité) :
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Triplet HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formule Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Ensemble tabulaire complet de 250+ solvants (ε, μ, donicité, nombres accepteurs).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7775-27-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliographie complète dans l'accordéon RÉFÉRENCES (en bas de la page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Vérifier la compatibilité de la réaction MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
2 0 0 OX
Santé : 2/4
Inflammabilité : 0/4
Réactivité : 0/4
Spécial : OX
Selon NFPA 704 / calculé à partir des codes H

Vérifiez si Sodium Persulfate est compatible avec un autre réactif

📦 Matrice de compatibilité de stockage
Acides Bases Oxydants Inflammable Toxique Gazy
Acides ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Bases ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Oxydants ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Inflammable ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toxique ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Stockage commun possible · ⚠ Prudence · ✗ NE PAS stocker ensemble · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Données de compatibilité issues de : Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Calculateurs de laboratoire (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarité (M=n/V)
Tampon pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Température C↔F↔K

Formules vérifiées : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bases de spectres spectroscopiques MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Générateur de protocole de laboratoire MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocole généré à partir de : GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Générateur d'étiquette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Sodium Persulfate• Sodium peroxydisulfate / Oristar sp• IUPAC: disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate• CAS: 7775-27-1• EC: 231-892-1• Formule: Na2O8S2• Masse: 238.11 g/molDANGERMENTIONS DE DANGER GHS :(auto-classification des fournisseurs — non contraignante)H272 H302 H315 H317 H319 H334 H335P210 P233Réservé à un usage en laboratoire !Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
Chargement des prédictions ADMET…
🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Saisissez ce que vous souhaitez préparer — je générerai un SOP

Exemples ci-dessous — cliquez pour insérer :
Recettes prédéfinies :
📚 Aperçu de la littérature scientifique — CAS 7775-27-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Principales découvertes (littérature scientifique) 11 publications
🏆 CAS 7775-27-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% actualité · 20% thème · 15% historique · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Xie T, Dang Z, Zhang Q et al. (2023) · Environmental research
    Pourquoi c'est important : Récente (2023)
    SCORE 5.5 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Boudriche L, Safaei Z, Ramasamy D et al. (2019) · Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 4.3 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Frontistis Z, Mantzavinos D, Meriç S (2018) · Journal of environmental management
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 4 Industrie DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    R. Sidjerius (1954) · Analytica Chimica Acta
    Pourquoi c'est important : Article historique (1954)
    SCORE 3.92 Historique Citations: 10 DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Liu J, Li C, Zhang X et al. (2023) · Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering
    Pourquoi c'est important : Récente (2023)
    SCORE 3.9 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Li Y, Zhao L, Chen F et al. (2020) · Environmental science and pollution research international
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3.8 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    He L, Tong J, Yang Y et al. (2022) · Journal of environmental sciences (China)
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3.6 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    Liang C, Weng CY (2022) · Journal of hazardous materials
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3.6 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    D. N. Glew, D. A. Hames (1970) · Canadian Journal of Chemistry
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3.44 Mécanisme Citations: 13 DOI ↗
  10. #10
    Xiong Q, Zhou M, Liu M et al. (2018) · Chemosphere
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3.2 Mécanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Wang J, Zheng W, Zhang Y et al. (2020) · Chemosphere
    Pourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
    SCORE 3 Analytique DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
🔬 HPLC — méthodes et paramètres — CAS 7775-27-1MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
🧪 Conformité du système — calculateur en direct (USP <621>)

Saisissez les données de 5-6 injections (aires, tr, traînée, plateaux) — le calculateur calcule le %RSD, les moyennes et vérifie la conformité à l'USP <621>. Vous pouvez coller un CSV (séparé par des virgules) ou modifier des valeurs individuelles.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
📐 Calculateur de symétrie de pic HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calculez le facteur de traînée USP (T) et l'asymétrie (As) à partir des demi-largeurs du pic. Saisissez a (demi-largeur gauche) et b (demi-largeur droite) mesurées à 5% ou 10% de la hauteur du pic.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculateur de résolution et de nombre de plateaux (Rs, N, H)

Calculez la résolution Rs, le nombre de plateaux théoriques N et la HETP (H) pour une paire de pics HPLC. Saisissez les temps de rétention, les largeurs de pic (à 50% ou à la base) et la longueur de la colonne.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.

Guide complet de la méthode HPLC Évalué par les pairs

Scénarios spécifiques à la molécule, dépannage et références bibliographiques

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 7775-27-1) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
1.2 min
Range: 0.84 – 1.56
confidence: low
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 2.1 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
10 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Vrai problème de chimiste

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

Comment nous résolvons cela

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Calculateur interactif

Deep Education

Comprendre la chimie de la phase mobile

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

—
Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika——
Total/quarter——

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

—
Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj—
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter——
Guards / quarter——
Downtime wymiany (h)——
Total/quarter——

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

—
Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)——

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

—
Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift——
Shifts potrzebnych——
Koszt pracy——
Savings——
Total annual savings: —

Questions fréquemment posées

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=238.11, CAS 7775-27-1) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Peak tailing ruined my results

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.
Lesson learned (Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa, 2024-03):
Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

—
Slope (Δ%B/min)
—
Gradient volume (mL)
—
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
—
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Questions fréquemment posées

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

First gradient — what to do step by step

You click Method Editor and see 10 empty time/%B rows. Where to start? How many points to enter?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Questions fréquemment posées

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=238.11 (CAS 7775-27-1) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Detection Gotcha

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

Method transfer from Warsaw to Krakow failed

At first we ran it in the Warsaw lab. Transfer to Kraków: every Rt shifted +0.8 min, Rs borderline at 1.9-2.1. Investigation: buffers from different manufacturers (Merck vs Sigma-Aldrich) differed by 0.2 in pH. 6 weeks of transfer revalidation.
Lesson learned (R&D team, 2 sites, 2025-09-18):
Transfer requires a SPEC for the buffer (manufacturer, grade, LOT). Not just „NH4HCO3 10 mM pH 7.0". Run a preliminary system suitability on the new instrument before the full transfer.

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) n/a (brak PubMed refs dla tego CAS) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) — 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 — 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol — Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) — 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min — 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C — 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) — DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min — 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 — 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie — Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run — ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Questions fréquemment posées

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate (CAS 7775-27-1) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

First column connection — no leak

A C18 100×4.6 mm column straight out of the box. How to connect it without dismantling it and spilling ACN over the autosampler?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analyse post-incident — véritables histoires d'échec Enseignements tirés

Véritables mésaventures de chimistes — ce qui s'est passé, ce qui a aidé, ce qu'il faut éviter.

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

Student MSc, UW 2024-10 Poziom 2/5
Ce qui s'est passé :

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

💡 Lekcja:

Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Peak tailing ruined my results

Anna K., PhD student, Warszawa 2024-03 Poziom 3/5
Ce qui s'est passé :

I ran the method exactly as written. Main peak Tf = 2.8 (should be <1.5). Integration impossible. I repeated it 6× — always tailing.

💡 Lekcja:

Causes: (1) buffer pH 8.2 instead of 7.0, (2) 2-month-old buffer (bacteria!), (3) C8 column instead of C18. Fix: fresh buffer pH 7.0 + switch to C18 → Tf 1.2, Rs 1.9→2.3.

Ask about this method

Bonjour — je suis entraîné sur tous les scénarios, la FAQ et la littérature de cette méthode. Demandez-moi ce que vous voulez.

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 7775-27-1). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
Soda Ash Light
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L-Alanine
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L-Cysteine Monohydrochloride
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L-Cysteine
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📄 Certificats d'analyse (CoA) CAS 7775-27-1 aucun MolGod_COA_2

Aucun certificat pour ce produit dans la base de données.

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

Normes de gestion des lots et de certification en laboratoire — 13 sources indépendantes (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [lien ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [lien ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [lien ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [lien ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [lien ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [lien ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [lien ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [lien ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [lien ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [lien ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [lien ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [lien ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [lien ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

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📜 Brevets (métadonnées publiques) aucune donnée MolGod_PATENT_2

Aucune métadonnée de brevet publique n'a été trouvée pour cette substance dans Crossref / OpenAlex pour le moment. Les données seront complétées automatiquement après le rafraîchissement du cache (24h).

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
  1. Lalas K, Arvaniti OS, Panagopoulou EI et al.. (2024). "Acesulfame degradation by thermally activated persulfate: Kinetics, transformation products and estimated toxicity.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141260
  2. Liu F, Hu N, Wang A et al.. (2024). "Structure-dependent degradation of phthalate esters with persulfate oxidation activated by thermal in soil.". Environmental research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119167
  3. Xie T, Dang Z, Zhang Q et al.. (2023). "Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.". Environmental research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114694
  4. Liu J, Li C, Zhang X et al.. (2023). "Modeling of NO mass transfer characteristics absorbed in sodium persulfate solution with a bubble reactor.". Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2023.2206354
  5. Luo M, Yang H, Wang K et al.. (2023). "Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137415
  6. Wang W, Wang X, Zhang H et al.. (2022). "Rhamnolipid-Enhanced ZVI-Activated Sodium Persulfate Remediation of Pyrene-Contaminated Soil.". International journal of environmental research and public health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811518
  7. Fan G, Cang L, Gomes HI et al.. (2016). "Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods.". Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.074
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📚 RÉFÉRENCES (Bibliographie agrégée, Chicago Author-Date) 120 éléments

Toutes les sources scientifiques citées dans les accordéons ci-dessus pour le CAS 7775-27-1. Format : Chicago Manual of Style, 17e éd., système Auteur-Date.

🗄️ Bases de données scientifiques

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7775-27-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7775-27-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7775-27-1.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7775-27-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.

📐 Normes / Lignes directrices

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Livres

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articles scientifiques (évalués par les pairs)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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