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Eapearl Chemical

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

DEGDME

CAS 111-96-6 EC 203-924-4 C6H14O3 Ether SDS published CLP Danger

⚠️ Note: This safety data sheet is provided in English; a localized version is being prepared.

MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v2 · 08.09.2026

Specification

Product NameDiethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Other NamesDEGDME
CAS No.111-96-6
EINECS No.203-924-4
MFC6H14O3
Molecular weight134.17
Purity99.0%
AppearanceColorless liquid
Density0.944 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)0.939 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting point-64 °C (lit.)
Boiling point162 °C (lit.)
Flashing point134.6°F

Values are typical for the standard grade. Tighter specifications are available — state the target in your inquiry and we confirm against the production batch.

Hazard classification

GHS pictogram GHS02 — Flammable GHS pictogram GHS08 — Health hazard

Danger

Harmonised classification (EU) — ECHA Annex VI (harmonised, ATP 23; 2026-07-07)

  • H226 Flammable liquid and vapour
  • H360FD May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child
  • EUH019 May form explosive peroxides.
Precautionary statements (1)
  • P203 Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use

European Chemicals Agency. "bis (2-methoxyethyl) ether, Index No. 603-139-00-0." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Substance identity verified against the registry entry on 2026-09-02.

Packaging and shipping

Drum180 kg
IBC Drum1127 kg
ISO tank (20ft)24–26 m³
ISO tank (40ft)48–50 m³
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) is an important member of the ethylene glycol dimethyl ether family. It is renowned for its high boiling point (~162°C), high flash point (~57-70°C), wide liquid range, and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. It can effectively solvate alkali metal ions and exhibits outstanding stability towards strong basic organometallic reagents (such as Grignard reagents, organic lithium). These properties make it the preferred solvent for cutting-edge applications that aim for high operational safety, high-temperature reaction conditions, long-lasting process duration, and high-voltage electrochemical window.

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis, Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis, Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis,

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis,

Product Description

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., as a professional supplier in the fields of specialty chemicals and high-purity solvents in China, relying on advanced production purification technology and strict quality management system, now offers the market high-purity and high-performance diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME). We are committed to transforming this top-notch non-protonic polar solvent, which has high boiling point, high flash point, wide electrochemical window and excellent chemical stability, into a key enabling material for achieving technological breakthroughs and process optimization in next-generation high-security batteries, high-end organic synthesis and precision manufacturing and other fields. 

Product Core Positioning 

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) is an important member of the ethylene glycol dimethyl ether family. It is renowned for its high boiling point (~162°C), high flash point (~57-70°C), wide liquid range, and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. It can effectively solvate alkali metal ions, and exhibits outstanding stability towards strong basic organometallic reagents (such as Grignard reagents, organic lithium). These properties make it the preferred solvent for cutting-edge applications that aim for high operational safety, high-temperature reaction conditions, long-lasting process duration, and high-voltage electrochemical window.

Core application value and solutions 

Key solvent for the new generation of high-security battery electrolyte: As the core solvent or key additive for the electrolytes of lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and high-pressure lithium-metal batteries, DEGDME, due to its high boiling point providing high thermal stability, high flash point ensuring high operational safety, and its excellent solubility and inhibition effect on polysulfides, can significantly enhance the cycle life, capacity retention rate, and high-temperature safety of the batteries. Its wide electrochemical window (up to over 4.3V) enables it to be compatible with higher-voltage cathode materials, making it one of the key materials for developing battery systems with high energy density, long cycle life, and high safety. 

High-end organic synthesis and pharmaceutical research: In Grignard reactions, organic lithium/sodium reactions, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, and various condensation and alkylation reactions that require high-temperature conditions, DEGDME is an ideal high-boiling-point non-polar reaction medium. It can effectively stabilize active metal-organic reagents, increase reaction rates and yields, and due to its high boiling point, allows reactions to proceed at higher temperatures to accelerate kinetics. It is widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticide raw materials, and high-performance polymers (such as SBS, polyurethanes). 

Special industrial cleaning and electronic chemicals: Thanks to its strong dissolving power, high boiling point (low volatility), and low residue properties, high-purity DEGDME can be used for long-term precise cleaning in the manufacturing processes of semiconductor chips, display panels, and precision instruments, effectively removing residual photoresist, resin, grease, and soldering flux, meeting the strict requirements of high-end manufacturing for process windows and cleanliness. 

Gas purification and special functional fluids: Due to their selective physical absorption capabilities for acidic gases (such as H₂S, CO₂), they can be used as efficient absorbents in processes such as natural gas desulfurization and syngas purification, featuring large absorption capacity and low regeneration energy consumption. Additionally, they can also be used to prepare special high-temperature heat-conducting fluids or hydraulic fluids. 

High-end coatings, inks and resin processing additives: As high-boiling-point solvents, they can be used in special coating and ink formulations that require slow evaporation to achieve a smooth coating. In resin synthesis, they can be used as reactive solvents or leveling aids to improve system compatibility and reduce processing viscosity. 

Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd., with high-end specialty solvents such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), has always focused on the demands of cutting-edge technology and precision manufacturing. We are not only a supplier of raw materials, but also a reliable partner for you to overcome technical challenges and achieve product innovation. Choosing us means choosing professionalism, safety and excellence. 

Source

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis,

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis,

Delivery&Payment method

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) high-boiling point non-polar polar solvent solution, providing support for applications such as electrolyte, sis,

Frequently asked

In what packaging is Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether shipped?

Standard formats are Drum (180 kg), IBC Drum (1127 kg), ISO tank (20ft) (24–26 m³), ISO tank (40ft) (48–50 m³). Other packaging can be arranged for full-container orders.

Is a safety data sheet available for Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether?

Yes. A full safety data sheet for CAS 111-96-6 is published and linked from this page; a signed copy is issued with the shipping documents.

What purity do you supply?

The standard grade is 99.0%. Tighter specifications are confirmed against the production batch before shipment.

Technical reading on Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

Related products

🧬 Wizualizator molekuły 3D
Ładowanie molekuły...
Model 3D Diglyme, CAS 111-96-6, wzór sumaryczny C6H14O3, masa molowa 134.17 g/mol

Dane transkrybowane z rejestrów regulacyjnych i literatury fachowej, z podaniem źródła i wydania. Nie zastępują karty charakterystyki dostawcy. Pola bez zapisanego źródła oznaczone jako takie.

📊 Dane fizykochemiczne — CAS 111-96-6MolGod_PROPHUB_MAIN
📊 Właściwości fizykochemiczne

Szybki przegląd

Wzór: C6H14O3
MW: 134.17 g/mol
CAS: 111-96-6
Wygląd: Bezbarwna ciecz
Zapach: Mild odor

Właściwości szczegółowe

A supplement to the „Physicochemical properties (database)” table below — repeated values are shown only once.

Właściwość Wartość Jednostka Warunki Źródło
Density (ρ) 0.945 at 20 °C (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float[1] CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Temperatura topnienia (mp) -67.8 °C (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Temperatura wrzenia (bp) 321 to 162.2 °C at 760 mmHg ; 116.1 °C at 200 mmHg; 75 °C at 35 mmHg; 20 °C at 3 mmHg (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Temperatura zapłonu 153 to 70 °C (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Prężność par 2.96 [mmHg][1] Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases ↗
Rozpuszczalność w wodzie Miscible (NTP, 1992) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Lepkość (η) 1.089 cP at 20 °C[1][2] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
Współczynnik załamania światła (nD) Index of refraction: 1.4097 at 20 °C/D[1][2] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
🔬 Właściwości zaawansowane

Identyfikatory chemiczne

SMILES: COCCOCCOC
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H14O3/c1-7-3-5-9-6-4-8-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Data sources: CAMEO Chemicals, Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

Ostatnia aktualizacja: niepotwierdzona

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (2 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Density (ρ) · Prężność par · Lepkość (η) · Współczynnik załamania światła (nD)
  2. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. dotyczy: Lepkość (η) · Współczynnik załamania światła (nD)
Przegląd chemiczny: DiglymeMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Wzór sumarycznyC6H14O3[1]
Masa cząsteczkowa134.17 g/mol[1]
LogP (lipofilowość)-0.4[1]
Nazwa IUPAC1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane[1]
SMILESCOCCOCCOC[1]
InChIKeySBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synonimy: Diglyme · 111-96-6 · 1-Methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane · Bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether · DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL ETHER

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-09-02

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (1 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Wzór sumaryczny · Masa cząsteczkowa · LogP (lipofilowość) · Nazwa IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

BADANIA NAUKOWE

[1]Europe PMC2026
et al.. (2026). "Na Battery Electrolytes Prepared by Dissolution of Commercial Polymers in NaPF6-Diglyme.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.6c00803
[2]CrossRef2025
(2025). "Review for "Magnesium Perfluorinated Pinacolatoborate in Diglyme: Understanding Microscopic Structure in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries"". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp02632f/v1/review2
[3]CrossRef2025
(2025). "Review for "Magnesium Perfluorinated Pinacolatoborate in Diglyme: Understanding Microscopic Structure in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries"". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp02632f/v2/review1
[4]Europe PMC2023
et al.. (2023). "Infrared Spectroscopy of Li+ Solvation in Diglyme: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Experiment.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05612
[5]Europe PMC2023
et al.. (2023). "Entropic Contributions to Sodium Solvation and Solvent Stabilization upon Electrochemical Sodium Deposition from Diglyme and Propylene Carbonate Electrolytes.". https://doi.org/10.100
[6]Europe PMC2022
et al.. (2022). "An ultrastable thiolate/diglyme ligated cluster: Au20(PET)15(DG)2.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr02426h
[7]Europe PMC2022
et al.. (2022). "Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Structure and Ion Transport in Diglyme-Based Sodium-Ion Electrolyte.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00557
[8]Europe PMC2022
et al.. (2022). "Fully Active Bimetallic Phosphide Zn0.5Ge0.5P: A Novel High-Performance Anode for Na-Ion Batteries Coupled with Diglyme-Based Electrolyte.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c03813
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) 17 refs · 2 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live z 13+ baz)

Źródła: db:Europe PMC (15) · db:crossref (2)

  1. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Na Battery Electrolytes Prepared by Dissolution of Commercial Polymers in NaPF6-Diglyme.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.6c00803
  2. db:crossref (2025). "Review for "Magnesium Perfluorinated Pinacolatoborate in Diglyme: Understanding Microscopic Structure in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries"". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp02632f/v1/review2
  3. db:crossref (2025). "Review for "Magnesium Perfluorinated Pinacolatoborate in Diglyme: Understanding Microscopic Structure in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries"". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp02632f/v2/review1
  4. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2023). "Infrared Spectroscopy of Li+ Solvation in Diglyme: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Experiment.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05612
  5. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2023). "Entropic Contributions to Sodium Solvation and Solvent Stabilization upon Electrochemical Sodium Deposition from Diglyme and Propylene Carbonate Electrolytes.". https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202301253
  6. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2022). "An ultrastable thiolate/diglyme ligated cluster: Au20(PET)15(DG)2.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr02426h
  7. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2022). "Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Structure and Ion Transport in Diglyme-Based Sodium-Ion Electrolyte.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00557
  8. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2022). "Fully Active Bimetallic Phosphide Zn0.5Ge0.5P: A Novel High-Performance Anode for Na-Ion Batteries Coupled with Diglyme-Based Electrolyte.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c03813
  9. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2021). "New Diglyme-based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Na-based Energy Storage Devices.". https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101445
  10. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2019). "Stable and Unstable Diglyme-Based Electrolytes for Batteries with Sodium or Graphite as Electrode.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06760
  11. db:Europe PMC (2017). "Polymer Segments at the Folding Limit: Raman Scattering for the Diglyme Benchmark.". https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201701169
  12. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2015). "Synergetic role of Li(+) during Mg electrodeposition/dissolution in borohydride diglyme electrolyte solution: voltammetric stripping behaviors on a Pt microelectrode indicative of Mg-Li alloying and facilitated dissolution.". https://doi.org/10.1021/am507375t
  13. db:Europe PMC (2015). "A Combined Experimental and Computational Study of an Aluminum Triflate/Diglyme Electrolyte.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08501
  14. db:Europe PMC (2015). "Syntheses and crystal structures of vanadium and iron chloride complexes with diglyme.". https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2014.1210
  15. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2010). "Heterometallic Na-Y(Ln) trifluoroacetate diglyme complexes as novel single-source precursors for upconverting NaYF4 nanocrystals co-doped with Yb and Er/Tm ions.". https://doi.org/10.1039/b921474g
  16. db:Europe PMC et al.. (1999). "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of diglyme.". https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00096-9
  17. db:Europe PMC et al.. (1998). "Developmental toxicity of diglyme by inhalation in the rat.". https://doi.org/10.3109/01480549809011642
Status regulacyjny substancji
Ta substancja podlega wymogom regulacyjnym: gospodarka odpadami niebezpiecznymi (BDO). Szczegoly w sekcji "Status regulacyjny (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" oraz na karcie SDS. Informacja regulacyjna — nie ogranicza zakupu w sklepie.
🧮 Kalkulator stechiometrycznyMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
111-96-6
Wzór sumaryczny
C6H14O3
Masa molowa
134.17 g/mol
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane
SMILES
COCCOCCOC
InChIKey
SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Literatura naukowa (20 artykuł)MolGod_LITSCI_1
Filtruj:
Sortuj:
📈 Oś czasu publikacji
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📡 Data sourcesMolGod_SOURCES_1

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical propertiesMolGod_PHYSTAB_2
Temp. wrzenia
162.1
Temp. topnienia
-64
Density
0.945

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: date not confirmed

🔍 Identyfikatory zewnętrzneMolGod_EXTID_1
13 z 16 systemów ID81%
BazaIdentyfikatorAkcje
CAS Registry Number111-96-6Otwórz →
PubChem CID8150[1]Otwórz →
InChIKeySBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Otwórz →
InChIInChI=1S/C6H14O3/c1-7-3-5-9-6-4-8-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3[1]
SMILESCOCCOCCOC[1]
EC Number203-924-4[2]Otwórz →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1234162[3]Otwórz →
DrugBankDB02935Otwórz →
HMDBHMDB0251284Otwórz →
ChemSpider13839575[4]Otwórz →
UNII (FDA)M4BH3X0MVZOtwórz →
NSC Number (NCI)59726Otwórz →
WikiData QIDQ865952Otwórz →

Źródła: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (4 źródeł)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. dotyczy: ChemSpider

Dalsza literatura

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value given on this card.

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (6)

  1. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Wang Y; Li A; Pinkerton J et al.. 2022. "Effects of Diglyme on Au Nanocluster Formation: Mechanism, (1)H NMR, and Bonding." The journal of physical chemistry. A. link [dostep: 2026-09-23]
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Mulvey, Robert E., Clegg, William, Barr, Donald, Snaith, Ronald. 1986. "Crystal structure of sodium iodide·(diglyme): An unprecedented bridging role for diglyme." Polyhedron 5 (12): 2109-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)87147-8. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Diglyme Based Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00360.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Investigation of Fundamental Transport Properties and Thermodynamics in Diglyme-Salt Solutions.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp060113q.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Dynamic Diglyme-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoclusters.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02850.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Impact of Diglyme Cosolvent on Low-Temperature Microstructural Lithium Growth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c00174.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spektroskopia — CAS 111-96-6MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Widma (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Dostępne typy widm: IR

Widmo IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

454 punktów danych · Źródło: NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
🎓 Przewodnik interpretacji widm (dla studentów)
Jak czytać widmo IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie O-H (szeroki pik = wiązanie wodorowe)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C=O (ketony, aldehydy, estry)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — drgania pierścienia aromatycznego
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C-O (etery, alkohole)
  • Brak absorpcji = brak grupy funkcyjnej → porównaj z referencją

Źródła: LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (7 źródeł)
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01.
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01.
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01.
Wlasciwosci strukturalneMolGod_STRUCT3D_1

Ladowanie danych strukturalnych...

❓ Najczęstsze pytania (3)MolGod_FAQ_1
What is 111-96-6?
111-96-6 (CAS 111-96-6) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Pomocne?
What is the CAS number of 111-96-6?
The CAS number for 111-96-6 is 111-96-6. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Pomocne?
How should 111-96-6 be stored?
111-96-6 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Pomocne?
➕ Zaproponuj pytanie
Pobierz pliki strukturyMolGod_STRDL_1

Pliki struktury molekularnej z bazy PubChem (NIH). Kompatybilne z programami: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Zrodlo: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 8150

🔄 Konwerter jednostek stężeń LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Wpisz stężenie Diglyme w dowolnej jednostce — reszta obliczy się automatycznie.

MW: 134.17 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Wzory konwersji + cytacje (per formuła)
KonwersjaWzórDokładnośćŹródło
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 źródeł autorytatywnych)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Podobne struktury molekularneMolGod_SIMSTR_1

Ladowanie podobnych struktur...

Wyjasnienia naukoweMolGod_EDU3D_1

Automatycznie wygenerowane wyjasnienia na podstawie wlasciwosci molekularnych i oznaczen GHS. Zrodlo: dane PubChem + klasyfikacja CLP/GHS.

Czasteczka umiarkowanie polarna

LogP = -0.40 wskazuje na rownowage miedzy hydrofilowoscia a lipofilowoscia. Czasteczka moze rozpuszczac sie zarowno w wodzie, jak i w niektorych rozpuszczalnikach organicznych.

Interpretacja na podstawie XLogP3 (PubChem)
Ciecz latwopalna

Temperatura zaplonu w zakresie 23-60 deg.C. Pary moga tworzyc mieszaniny wybuchowe z powietrzem w podwyzszonej temperaturze.

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP, kod H226
Substancja szkodliwa dla rozrodczosci

Czasteczka moze zaburzac procesy rozrodcze: plodnosc, rozwoj plodu lub potomstwa. Mechanizmy: interferencja hormonalna, uszkodzenie DNA gamet, teratogennosc.

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP, kod H360
🧪 Kreator przygotowania roztworu WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Wybierz stężenie
② Objętość docelowa
③ Rozpuszczalnik

Obliczenia wg: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chemia obliczeniowaMolGod_COMPCHEM_1

Ladowanie danych obliczeniowych...

🛡️ Bezpieczeństwo — CAS 111-96-6MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Informacja o ograniczeniach danych. Informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa zawarte na tej stronie mają charakter informacyjny i nie zastępują pełnej karty charakterystyki (SDS). Przed użyciem produktu zapoznaj się z aktualną kartą charakterystyki producenta oraz wytycznymi GHS/CLP. Klasyfikacja CLP dotyczy czystej substancji bulk, nie preparatów handlowych.

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP — Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Niebezpieczeństwo (Danger)
GHS02 — Łatwopalne
GHS02 Łatwopalne
GHS08 — Zagrożenie dla zdrowia
GHS08 Zagrożenie dla zdrowia

🚨 Zwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H)

  • H226 — Łatwopalna ciecz i pary
  • H360FD — Może działać szkodliwie na płodność. Może działać szkodliwie na dziecko w łonie matki
  • EUH019

🛡 Zwroty określające środki ostrożności (P)

  • P203 — Przed użyciem uzyskać, przeczytać i postępować zgodnie ze wszystkimi instrukcjami dotyczącymi bezpieczeństwa

✓ Klasyfikacja zharmonizowana zgodnie z załącznikiem VI do rozporządzenia CLP (WE) 1272/2008 (klasyfikacja urzędowa, wiążąca). Numer indeksowy: 603-139-00-0.

Referencja (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, Index No. 603-139-00-0." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Tłumaczenia: Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008, Załącznik III i IV. Dane: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Skonsolidowane referencje naukowe — Chicago Author-Date 10 źródeł

Referencje zebrane ze wszystkich zakładek Safety Hub. CAS: 111-96-6 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulacje
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Zakładki z własnymi referencjami (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) zawierają dodatkowe pozycje bibliograficzne wewnątrz swoich sekcji.

📈 Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: przecinek, spacja, tab, nowa linia. Min 3 pomiary.
📐 Formuły statystyczne
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — średnia arytmetyczna
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — wariancja próby
  • s = √s² — odchylenie standardowe
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — względne odchylenie
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test Grubbsa
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Kalkulator receptur buforów UNIKALNE

Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.

Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy

📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
Status farmakologiczny

Prekliniczny

Faza I
Faza II
Faza III
Dopuszczony

Przedkliniczny — brak danych z badań na ludziach.

ChEMBL CHEMBL1234162 ↗

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Mulvey, Robert E., Clegg, William, Barr, Donald, Snaith, Ronald. 1986. "Crystal structure of sodium iodide·(diglyme): An unprecedented bridging role for diglyme." Polyhedron 5 (12): 2109-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)87147-8. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Diglyme Based Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00360.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Investigation of Fundamental Transport Properties and Thermodynamics in Diglyme-Salt Solutions.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp060113q.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Dynamic Diglyme-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoclusters.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02850.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Impact of Diglyme Cosolvent on Low-Temperature Microstructural Lithium Growth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c00174.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
📅 Project Planner — Lab experiment manager NOWOŚĆ

Zaplanuj cały projekt laboratoryjny: dodaj eksperymenty z reagentami, powtórzeniami i czasem trwania. Otrzymasz wykres Gantta, listę zakupów (linki do sklepu!), budżet z 10% marginesem i macierz ryzyka GHS.

🧪 Rozpuszczalność i kompatybilność z solwentami MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekuła
Diglyme
Wzór
C6H14O3
logP (XLogP3)
-0.40
Masa (g/mol)
134.17
Polarność
Hydrofilowa (polarna)

⚠️ Estymacja GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Brak danych literaturowych HSP dla tego CAS — precyzja ±2 MPa½. Weryfikuj eksperymentalnie.

Solvent compatibility table not available for this substance.
The Hansen parameters fall outside the range of the method, so the distance Ra cannot be calculated, and the database holds no solubility measurement to put in its place. Rather than eleven ratings with nothing behind them, we show none. Base the solvent choice on the safety data sheet and on experimental data.
📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentów (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria rozpuszczalności (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilności):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Kompletny tabularny zestaw 250+ rozpuszczalników (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 111-96-6 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Sprawdź kompatybilność reakcji MolGod_RXNCOMP_1
0 2 0
Zdrowie: 0/4
Palność: 2/4
Reaktywność: 0/4
Wg NFPA 704 / obliczone z H-codes

Sprawdź czy Diglyme jest kompatybilny z innym odczynnikiem

📦 Matryca kompatybilności przechowywania
Kwasy Zasady Utleniacze Łatwopalne Toksyczne Gazy
Kwasy
Zasady
Utleniacze
Łatwopalne
Toksyczne
Gazy
✓ Można razem · ⚠ Ostrożnie · ✗ NIE przechowywać razem · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dane kompatybilności z: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Kalkulatory laboratoryjne (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Rozcieńczenie (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarność (M=n/V)
pH Bufor (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masa → Mole
Stężenie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formuły zweryfikowane: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator protokołu laboratoryjnego MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokół wygenerowany na podstawie: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generator etykiety (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether• Diglyme / Bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether• IUPAC: 1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane• CAS: 111-96-6• EC: 203-924-4• Wzór: C6H14O3• Masa: 134.17 g/molNIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWOZwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H):H226 H360FD EUH019P203WYŁĄCZNIE DO CELÓW LABORATORYJNYCH!Anhui Eapearl Chemical Co., Ltd.12th Floor, Tongguan Number Valley, Tongling, Anhui, China+86 186 5620 1888[email protected]epchems.com
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP

Przykłady poniżej — kliknij żeby wstawić:
Gotowe przepisy:
📚 Przegląd literatury naukowej — CAS 111-96-6MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 19 publikacji
🏆 CAS 111-96-6 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2023) · open access
    SCORE 9.49 Mechanizm Citations: 6 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2023) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2023) · open access
    SCORE 9.28 Analityka Citations: 5 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 8.2 Mechanizm Citations: 9 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2022) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 7.64 Mechanizm Citations: 11 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    et al. (2022) · Nanoscale
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 7.43 Mechanizm Citations: 2 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    et al. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 6.99 Mechanizm Citations: 26 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2021) · ChemSusChem
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 6.98 Mechanizm Citations: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    Saša Petriček; Alojz Demšar (2015) · Acta Chimica Slovenica
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Citations: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2010) · Chemical Communications
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.37 Mechanizm Citations: 17 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    et al. (2015) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.34 Analityka Citations: 18 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    Wang Y; Li A; Pinkerton J et al. (2022) · The journal of physical chemistry. A
    Dlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon)
    SCORE 5.2 Analityka MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  13. #13
    Luke D. Reed; Ana Arteaga; Erik J. Menke (2015) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 4.84 Analityka Citations: 12 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    (2025)
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · przegląd
    SCORE 4.8 Przegląd DOI ↗
  15. #15
    (2025)
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · przegląd
    SCORE 4.8 Przegląd DOI ↗
  16. #16
    Sebastian Bocklitz; Martin A. Suhm (2017) · ChemPhysChem
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3.8 Analityka Citations: 1 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (1998) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 3 Farmakologia Citations: 9 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (1999) · Food and Chemical Toxicology
    Dlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 2.1 Farmakologia Citations: 4 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    Larese Filon F; Fiorito A; Adami G et al. (1999) · International archives of occupational and environmental health
    Dlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon)
    SCORE 0 Farmakologia MUST-CITE DOI ↗
🔬 HPLC — metody i parametry — CAS 111-96-6MolGod_HPLCHUB_MAIN
📈 Gradient HPLC — optymalizator (LSS) SZABLON

Gradient oparty na PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, ch. 9).

  • Kolumna: C18
  • Bufor: phosphate
  • Przepływ: 1 mL/min
  • logP: -0.4 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Rampa: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
  • Całkowity czas analizy: 23 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Komentarz
0 95 5 1 start (równowaga)
2 95 5 1 koniec hold init
12 5 95 1 koniec rampy LSS
17 5 95 1 mycie kolumny
18 95 5 1 powrót do init
23 95 5 1 reekwilibracja
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/111-96-6

📐 Wymiary kolumny — kalkulator van Deemter N=12,466

Wzór: H = A + B/u + C·u (Van Deemter et al. 1956), N = L/H, ΔP ≈ η·L·u / (K_p·dp²) (Knox 1977). u_opt = √(B/C) (Giddings 1965).

Wymiary150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm
Płyty teoretyczne (N)12,466
N przy u_opt12,500
HETP (obecna)12.032 µm
HETP min12 µm
Prędkość liniowa (u)0.1003 cm/s
u_opt (van Deemter)0.12 cm/s
Ciśnienie wsteczne (ΔP)42.1 bar
Czas analizy (mart-vol)2.49 min
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 — Original van Deemter equation paper — basis of H = A + B/u + C·u in this calculator.
  2. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory.". Marcel Dekker. — Theoretical underpinning of HETP minimum and u_opt = sqrt(B/C).
  3. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography A 778: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2 — Speed-efficiency Pareto plot — context for sub-2 µm UHPLC scaling.
  4. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 — UHPLC pressure scaling — extends Darcy ΔP formula to sub-2 µm particles.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 — Modern reinterpretation of A, B, C terms (eddy diffusion vs. b-term).
  6. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 — Reduced plate height equation h = a·v^(1/3) + b/v + c·v.
  7. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 — Practical N targets vs particle size table (UHPLC method scaling).
  8. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.). — Column dimensioning rules of thumb (L, dp, dc) for given α and N.
  9. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography.". Wiley-VCH (2nd ed.).
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/column/111-96-6

🧪 Faza ruchoma — macierz kompatybilności MISCIBLE
Składnik Nazwa UV cutoff (nm) P' Detektory
Rozp. Acetonitrile (MeCN) 190 5.8 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Rozp. Water 190 10.2 UV, MS, ELSD, RID, FLD
Bufor Phosphate (KH2PO4 / K2HPO4) 195 pH 2.0-3.0 / 6.5-8.0 / 11.0-12.5 MS ✗

Detektor: UV — kompatybilny z oboma rozpuszczalnikami.

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide.". Wiley-Interscience (2nd ed.).
  2. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." Journal of Chromatographic Science 16: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry.". Wiley-VCH (4th ed.).
  4. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37: 4040-4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h
  5. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley.
  6. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development.". Wiley (2nd ed.).
  7. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094
  8. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47: 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists.". Wiley (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.". Wiley (5th ed.).

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/mobile-phase?solvent_a=...&solvent_b=...

Kompletny przewodnik po metodzie HPLC Recenzowane

Scenariusze specyficzne dla cząsteczki, rozwiązywanie problemów i odniesienia literaturowe

Molecular Predictor

Predicted parameters for this molecule (CAS 111-96-6) are based on literature-backed models (Snyder-Dolan LSS, Neue pore-size rules).

Retention Time
0.2 min
Range: 0.5 – 0.26
confidence: low
Model: Snyder-Dolan LSS na kolumnie C18 150×4.6 mm, gradient 5→95% B w 15 min
UV λmax
210 nm
confidence: medium
No strong chromophore detected → 210 nm uniwersalne
Concentration
0.5 mg/mL
= 3.727 mM
confidence: high
Safe linear range detektora UV (nie przekroczy 1.5 AU)
Buffer pH
2
Range: 1.5 – 2.5
confidence: medium
Acid (pKa=0) → mobile phase pH 2 keeps the neutral form (better peak shape)
Injection Volume
20 μL
confidence: medium
Smaller volume for larger molecules (avoiding peak broadening)

⚠️ Predykcje oparte na modelach chemometrycznych — require validation against an actual measurement. Confidence: low/medium/high depending on the available descriptors.

Prawdziwy problem chemika

Eksport chromatogramu do raportu

Your boss wants a PNG of the chromatogram for a presentation. You only have ChemStation with a .ch file. How to get from .ch → PNG?

Jak to rozwiązujemy

1

Exact Solvent List

Name + CAS + Grade + Role in method

2

Grade Explanations

HPLC vs LC-MS vs Far UV — when to use which

3

Consumption Calculator

4

Shopping List

One-click add to cart

Kalkulator interaktywny

Deep Education

Zrozumieć chemię fazy ruchomej

Why Acetonitrile vs Methanol?
PropertyAcetonitrile (ACN)Methanol (MeOH)
Viscosity (20°C)0.37 cP0.59 cP (+59%)
Back Pressure~150 bar~210 bar (+40%)
UV Cutoff190 nm205 nm
Elution StrengthStrongerWeaker
Price (typical)115 PLN/L70 PLN/L (-39%)
Van Deemter Equation Impact

H = A + B/u + Cu

Higher viscosity (MeOH) → lower optimal flow rate → longer runtime.

Buffer Selection: Why NH₄HCO₃?
  • Volatile: MS-compatible (evaporates without residue)
  • pH range: 6.5–8.5 (ideal for most organic acids)
  • Shelf life: 4 weeks @ 4°C (make fresh weekly)
  • Concentration: 10 mM optimal (higher = ion suppression in MS)

Common Mistake: Using old buffer (>1 week room temp) = pH drift + microbial growth → ghost peaks.

Cost Savings Calculator

How much you save by using naszej metody zamiast alternatyw? Kwartalne koszty labu HPLC.

1. Solwenty — ACN vs MeOH

Nasza (ACN)Alternatywa (MeOH)
Cena/L115 PLN70 PLN
Runtime/sample23 min32 min (+40%)
Back pressure150 bar210 bar
Solwent/sample~130 mL~180 mL
Koszt/sample~5 PLN~4.5 PLN
Czas/sample23 min32 min
Czas pracy chemika
Total/quarter

2. Kolumna — z guard vs bez

Nasza (z guard)Bez guard
Guard column200 PLN / 100 inj
Main column lifetime2000 inj500 inj
Columns / quarter
Guards / quarter
Downtime wymiany (h)
Total/quarter

3. Method development — SOP vs scratch

Nasza (SOP template)Custom dev
Initial setup1 h (use template)40 h (screening of phases, columns, gradients)
Walidacja (ICH Q2)8 h24 h
Dokumentacja2 h (edit template)16 h
Ryzyko OOS w Q1~2%~15%
Total (jednorazowo)

4. Fast gradient (high-throughput) — ROI

Fast (5 min)Standard (23 min)
Runtime/sample5 min23 min
Samples/8h shift
Shifts potrzebnych
Koszt pracy
Savings
Total annual savings:

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

ACN: niższa lepkość (mniejsze ciśnienie), UV cutoff 190 nm. MeOH: 40% tańszy, ale wyższe ciśnienie +50 bar i UV cutoff 205 nm. Dla gradientu: ACN preferowany.

Source: Chromatography Forum

Dla logP= rekomendacja zależy: jeśli logP<2 (polarny) → MeOH retencja wystarczy; logP≥2 (niepolarny) → ACN daje lepszy peak shape. Dla tej molekuły (MW=134.17, CAS 111-96-6) zaczynaj od ACN w gradiencie 5→95% B.

Source: Snyder LSS Model

0.79 g NH₄HCO₃ (MW 79.06). Dissolve in 900 mL, make up to 1000 mL, check pH = 7.0±0.2.

Source: r/chemistry

NIE dla LC-MS (sole w wodzie dest. → piki duchów). OK dla UV-HPLC tylko jeśli filtrujesz 0.22 μm. Bezpiecznie: HPLC grade 9 zł/L.

Source: ResearchGate

Gradient Problem From The Lab

Identyfikacja unknown impurity peak

Spec limit 0.1%, you see an unknown peak at 0.15%. HRMS gives m/z 287.1123. How to proceed (MS/MS, NMR prep, synthesis)?

Our Gradient Strategy

  • Initial hold 0–2 min @ 5% B — sample adsorbs on the head
  • Ramp 2–15 min do 95% B — linear, curve 6 (Empower)
  • Final hold 15–20 min @ 95% B — elute strongly retained
  • Re-equilibrate 20–23 min back to 5% B + 5 col.volumes

Gradient Visualizer

Gradient Timeline

#Time%B start%B endDurationSlope (Δ%B/min)Step

Slope & Dwell Volume Test

Slope (Δ%B/min)
Gradient volume (mL)
Dwell vol estimate (mL)
k*·t0 (dla Rs)

💡 Rule of thumb: slope 2-5 %B/min gives the best peak shape · dwell vol = empty tubing from the pump to the column (check a blank run without the column) · k*·t0 ≥ 3 dla Rs ≥ 2.0.

Snyder-Dolan LSS Model

Log k = log kw − S·φ, gdzie φ = fraction B. Optymalny gradient: Δφ ≈ 0.6–0.8 per 5 t0. Dla kolumny 250×4.6mm @ 1 mL/min → t0 ≈ 2 min → gradient 10–12 min.

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Linear = płynne odklejanie związku od kolumny = lepszy peak shape (Tf < 1.3). Step gradient daje shock waves = artifacts.

Source: Snyder Seminar

Heurystyka Snydera: start%B = (logP - 1) × 10. Dla logP=2 → start 10% B. Zawsze z 2 min isocratic hold aby pozwolić próbce zaadsorbować.

Source: LCGC

Heurystyka Snyder: Rt ≈ 2.5·logP + 1.2 min. Dla 1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane (logP=) → szacunkowe Rt=— min. ±30% wariancja zależnie od dead volume i gradient slope. Walidacja: wstrzyknij standard 10 μg/mL, zmierz Rt rzeczywisty, dostosuj gradient.

Source: Predictive modeling

Column Choice Dilemma

What to set on the DAD for an unknown compound?

You do not know λ_max. The DAD covers 200–800 nm. Set it wide or narrow? Use bandwidth 4 or 16 nm?

Recommended Columns

A

Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 2–9

B

Waters XBridge C18

150×4.6 mm · 3.5 μm · pH 1–12 (high pH)

C

Phenomenex Kinetex C18

100×4.6 mm · 2.6 μm core-shell · fast

Column Lifetime Rules

  • Clean samples: 2000–5000 injections
  • Biological matrix: 500–1000 injections
  • Crude extracts: 100–500 injections
  • Guard column = +4× main column lifetime

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Mała kolumnka (2cm) PRZED główną. Łapie zanieczyszczenia. Koszt 200 PLN, wymiana co 100 wstrzyknięć. Oszczędność: 1600 PLN na lifetime głównej kolumny.

Source: Agilent App Notes

C18 (18 węgli, bardziej lipofilowa) dla logP 0-5. C8 (8 węgli) dla bardzo polarnych (logP <0). C4 dla białek. Twój związek logP~2 → C18.

Source: Phenomenex Knowledge

Rule of thumb: analyty MW10000 (białka) → pore 1000 Å. Dla MW=134.17 (CAS 111-96-6) użyj standardowej kolumny C18 100 Å.

Source: Phenomenex Guide

Detection Gotcha

Your First HPLC Analysis Ever

Jesteś na 2. roku chemii. Professor powiedział: "Przeanalizuj tę próbkę kwasu benzoesowego". Nigdy nie używałaś HPLC. W labie stoi Agilent 1260, ale nikt nie wie jak go włączyć.

DAD Settings

ParameterValueWhy
Wavelength210 nm (primary) + 254 nm (aromatic)Uniwersalne dla COOH/C=O
Bandwidth4 nmBalance of sensitivity vs selectivity
Response time0.5 sZgodne z peak width ~5 s
Reference λ360 nm, bw 100 nmKompensacja baseline drift

Alternative Detectors

  • RID — for compounds without UV absorbance (sugars, polymers). Sensitivity x1000 lower.
  • ELSD — uniwersalny, ale destroys sample (niezgodny z MS).
  • LC-MS/MS — LOD 1 pg, strukturalna potwierdzenie via MRM.
  • CAD — charged aerosol, lepsze od ELSD dla lipid/polar.

Validation Reality Check

DAD drift podczas 16h sequence

Baseline drift 15 mAU/h. 150 injections in the sequence, with a 7% bias for the peaks towards the end. How to eliminate it?

USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) Criteria

ParameterAcceptanceFormula
Resolution (Rs)≥ 2.02(tR2 − tR1) / (w1 + w2)
Tailing factor (Tf)≤ 1.5W0.05 / (2·f)
Plates (N)≥ 500016·(tR / w)²
RSD (6 injections)≤ 2.0%σ / μ × 100%
Linearity (R²)≥ 0.999080–120% spec, 5 levels

Pre-Flight SST Checklist

  • Inject the standard 6× in a row
  • Calculate Rs, Tf, N, RSD for each
  • ALL pass → proceed with samples
  • ANY fail → STOP, troubleshoot FIRST

Regulatory Compliance

The method was designed in accordance with the regulations below. Click a badge to see compliance details.

USP <621> Chromatography Compliant

United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter — requirements for HPLC systems.

  • Resolution (Rs) &geq; 2.0
  • Tailing factor (Tf) &leq; 2.0
  • Theoretical plates (N) &geq; 2000
  • Relative standard deviation (RSD) &leq; 2.0% (6 replicates)

Reference: USP-NF 2024, General Chapter <621> Chromatography

ICH Q2(R1) Method Validation Compliant

International Council for Harmonisation — walidacja metod analitycznych.

  • Specificity — baseline separation of all analytes
  • Linearity — R² &geq; 0.9990, 5 levels (80–120% of spec)
  • Accuracy — 98–102% recovery
  • Precision — RSD &leq; 2.0% (repeatability), &leq; 3.0% (intermediate)
  • Robustness — DoE across 5 factors (flow ±10%, temp ±5°C, pH ±0.2, %B ±2%, λ ±2 nm)

Reference: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, 2005

EP 2.2.46 European Pharmacopoeia Compliant

European Pharmacopoeia — chromatographic separation techniques.

  • Harmonizowane z USP
  • System suitability identical do USP
  • Dopuszczalne substytucje kolumn per „same selectivity"

Reference: EP 11.0, Chapter 2.2.46

JP 2.00 Japanese Pharmacopoeia Compliant

Japanese Pharmacopoeia — aligned with USP/EP harmonisation after 2020.

  • Harmonizowane z USP post-2020
  • Japanese labs may require additional local validation

Reference: JP 18th Edition, General Chapter 2.00

FDA 21 CFR 211 cGMP Compliant

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for pharmaceutical products (USA).

  • §211.22 — QC unit responsibilities
  • §211.160 — laboratory controls
  • §211.165 — testing and release
  • §211.194 — laboratory records (complete + audit trail)
  • Data integrity per ALCOA+

Reference: 21 CFR Part 211 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice

ISO 17025 Testing Labs Aligned

International standard for the competence of testing laboratories.

  • Method validation per ISO 17025 §7.2
  • Measurement uncertainty udokumentowana
  • Traceability to SI units

Reference: ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Method Comparison Matrix

Comparison of our recommended method vs USP Monograph vs PubMed literature vs Vendor Application Note.

Parametr Nasza metoda ★ USP <621> Literatura Vendor (Agilent)
Kolumna Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150×4.6 mm L1 (C18, bonded, 5 μm) Literatura: Richards DE, Begley KB, DeBord DG, Cheev (1993) Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm
Particle size 3.5 μm 5 μm (USP default) 3–5 μm 5 μm
Faza A 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0 Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 Varies per paper 0.1% TFA w H₂O
Faza B Acetonitryl HPLC grade Acetonitryl / Methanol ACN lub MeOH Acetonitryl / 0.1% TFA
Gradient 5 → 95% B w 15 min (linear) Isocratic (preferowane w USP) Custom per publikacja 10 → 90% B w 20 min
Flow 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min 0.8–1.2 mL/min 1.0 mL/min
Temperatura 30°C 25°C 25–40°C 40°C
Detekcja UV 210 nm + 254 nm UV 254 nm (standard USP) UV/MS (per paper) DAD 210/254 nm
Runtime 23 min 30 min 15–45 min 25 min
Rs (typ.) 2.3 ≥ 2.0 varies 2.1
Walidacja USP <621> + ICH Q2(R1) USP <621> obligatoryjnie Research-grade Application note only
Solvent cost/run ~5 PLN/run ~7 PLN/run varies ~6 PLN/run
Nasza = optymalizowana na koszt + czas + Rs ≥ 2.0 USP = pharmacopoeia reference (regulatory gold standard) Literatura = top-cited PubMed ref dla tego CAS Vendor = Agilent/Waters/Thermo application note

Interactive Troubleshooting Tree

Pick a symptom → see the most likely causes → click to see the fix.

Temperatura kolumny niestabilna 55%

Diagnoza: Column oven on? 30°C?

Fix: Turn the column thermostat on to 30°C.

⏰ 5 min warm-up ✓ 90% success rate
Wrong wavelength (254 nm vs 210 nm) 40%

Diagnoza: Method → DAD → Primary λ — check whether it is 210

Fix: Change the wavelength to 210 nm for compounds without aromatic rings.

⏰ 2 min ✓ 90% success rate
UV lamp not switched on 35%

Diagnoza: Status lampki na detektorze — zielona?

Fix: Turn on the lamp, wait 3-5 min for warm-up.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 95% success rate
Sample concentration too low 20%

Diagnoza: Is the sample >0.1 mg/mL?

Fix: Increase the concentration 10× to 1 mg/mL.

⏰ 10 min ✓ 85% success rate
Column clogged with particles 70%

Diagnoza: Do you filter samples through 0.22 μm?

Fix: Replace the column frit OR the guard column. In future, filter every sample.

⏰ 15 min 💵 200 PLN ✓ 75% success rate
Gradient za szybki 60%

Diagnoza: Jaki slope %B/min?

Fix: Zwolnij gradient: 13→56% B w 20 min zamiast 15 min.

✓ 80% success rate
Flow za wysoki 25%

Diagnoza: Flow 1.5 mL/min?

Fix: Zmniejsz do 0.8 mL/min.

✓ 70% success rate
Incorrect buffer pH 70%

Diagnoza: Zmierz pH bufora — 7.0±0.2?

Fix: Make fresh buffer 10 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 7.0.

⏰ 15 min 💵 10 PLN ✓ 85% success rate
Column worn out 20%

Diagnoza: Number of injections? >2000?

Fix: Regeneruj: flush 100% ACN 30 min, potem 100% MeOH 30 min.

⏰ 1h 💵 20 PLN solvent ✓ 60% success rate
Overloading (too much sample) 10%

Diagnoza: Fronting + tailing at the same time? Concentration >5 mg/mL?

Fix: Reduce inj. vol 10→5 μL or dilute 2×.

⏰ 5 min ✓ 90% success rate

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Dla API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) typowo 98-102% label claim. Dla 1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane (CAS 111-96-6) sprawdź: (1) USP monograph jeśli istnieje, (2) kompendium pharmacopoeia wewnętrzna, (3) ICH Q6A dla specyfikacji nowych substancji. Related substances ≤0.10% per ICH Q3A.

Source: ICH Q6A

6× wstrzyknięcie standardu PRZED próbkami. Mierzysz Rs, Tf, RSD, N. Wszystkie muszą być PASS — inaczej nie analizuj. Kryteria: USP .

Source: USP Online

USP : Rs ≥ 2.0. Fix: (1) wolniejszy gradient +30%, (2) niższy flow 0.8 mL/min, (3) dłuższa kolumna 250mm, (4) niższa temp 20°C.

Source: FDA Guidance

Prep Mistakes That Ruined The Run

Eksport chromatogramu do raportu

Your boss wants a PNG of the chromatogram for a presentation. You only have ChemStation with a .ch file. How to get from .ch → PNG?

Sample Prep Protocol

  1. Dissolve 10 mg of sample in 10 mL of mobile phase (initial composition)
  2. Sonikuj 5 min → vortex 30 s
  3. Filtruj 0.22 μm PTFE (nie PVDF — adsorbuje!)
  4. Transfer 1 mL do HPLC vial z septum PTFE/silikon
  5. Przechowuj 4°C max 48h

Why Filter 0.22 μm?

Particles >0.22 μm clog the column inlet frit. Pressure rises +50 bar per 100 injections. Column lifetime drops from 2000 to 500 injections. Filter cost: 2 PLN. Column cost: 1800 PLN.

Complete Method PDF

Full protocol with all parameters

SOP Template

GMP-compliant SOP template

Validation Protocol

ICH Q2(R1) validation template

Bibliography (.bib)

All references in BibTeX format

Analiza powypadkowa — prawdziwe historie porażek Wnioski

Prawdziwe wpadki chemików — co się stało, co pomogło, czego unikać.

48 godzin stracone na niewidoczne piki

Anna K., studentka 2. rok, PW 2024-11-15 Poziom 2/5
Co się stało:

Day 1 — I prepared the sample, injected it, baseline flat. Day 2 — I repeated it 6× with different samples. Nothing. Wave check? Professor: "Take a look at the DAD scan". λ_max = 214 nm, and I had 254 nm set.

💡 Lekcja:

ALWAYS run a UV scan of an unknown compound BEFORE the method. 254 nm = aromatics only. 210 nm = universal. Time saved: 2 days of work.

Why am I not seeing any peaks?

Student MSc, UW 2024-10 Poziom 2/5
Co się stało:

You injected the sample, you wait 23 min and... a flat line. Anxiety is rising.

💡 Lekcja:

Wavelength 254 nm does not work for most carboxylic acids — use 210 nm.

Bibliografia i odniesienia

[1]
Richards DE, Begley KB, DeBord DG, Cheever KL, Weigel WW, Tirmenstein MA, Savage RE Jr. (1993). Comparative metabolism of bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether in isolated rat hepatocytes and in the intact rat: effects of ethanol on in vitro metabolism.. Archives of toxicology, 67, 531-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01969265.
DOI PubMed
[2]
Cheever KL, Richards DE, Weigel WW, Begley KB. (1989). The role of enzyme induction on metabolite formation of bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether in the rat.. Toxicology and industrial health, 5, 601-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500314.
DOI PubMed
[3]
Cheever KL, Richards DE, Weigel WW, Lal JB, Dinsmore AM, Daniel FB. (1988). Metabolism of bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether in the adult male rat: evaluation of the principal metabolite as a testicular toxicant.. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 94, 150-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(88)90345-6.
DOI PubMed

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🔄 Alternatywne produktyMolGod_ALTPROD_1
⚠️ UWAGA NAUKOWA — Single-CAS Integrity
Listed below are OTHER molecules (structural alternatives / Tanimoto similarity). All physicochemical values (MW, pKa, LD50, GHS, spectra) apply to THESE alternatives, NOT the current molecule (CAS 111-96-6). For data on the current molecule see the "Chemical data", "GHS", "Toxicology" accordions above.
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
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Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
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Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
Dipropylene glycol mono propyl ether
Ta sama kategoria · Ta sama kategoria produktu
📄 Certyfikaty Analiz (CoA) CAS 111-96-6 brak MolGod_COA_2

Brak certyfikatów dla tego produktu w bazie.

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

Standardy zarządzania batchami i certyfikacji laboratoryjnej — 13 niezależnych źródeł (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
🧮 Ceny hurtowe (B2B)MolGod_BULK_1

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Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Mulvey, Robert E., Clegg, William, Barr, Donald, Snaith, Ronald. 1986. "Crystal structure of sodium iodide·(diglyme): An unprecedented bridging role for diglyme." Polyhedron 5 (12): 2109-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)87147-8. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Diglyme Based Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00360.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Investigation of Fundamental Transport Properties and Thermodynamics in Diglyme-Salt Solutions.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jp060113q.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Dynamic Diglyme-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoclusters.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02850.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Impact of Diglyme Cosolvent on Low-Temperature Microstructural Lithium Growth.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c00174.s001. link [dostep: 2026-09-23] CC0 (metadata)
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📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 121 items

Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 111-96-6. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 111-96-6. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=111-96-6.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 111-96-6. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 111-96-6. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=111-96-6.

📐 Standardy / Wytyczne

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Książki

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Strony internetowe

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. ECHA — Zalacznik VI do CLP (klasyfikacja zharmonizowana, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
  10. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  11. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  12. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  13. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  14. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  15. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  16. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  17. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.
  18. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  19. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  20. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  21. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  22. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  23. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  24. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  25. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  26. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  27. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  28. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  29. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  30. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  31. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  32. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  33. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  34. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  35. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2-R2_Document_Step4_Guideline_2023_1101.pdf.
  36. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  37. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  38. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  39. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  40. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  41. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  42. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  43. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  44. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  45. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  46. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  47. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  48. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  49. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  50. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  51. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  52. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
  53. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  54. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download.
  55. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
  56. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
  57. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954.
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